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Table 3 Predictors of placental global methylation in mother-newborn pairs ( n = 240)

From: Placental DNA hypomethylation in association with particulate air pollution in early life

Variables

β

SE

p-value

Maternal characteristics

  Age, y

0.0005

0.005

0.93

  Pre-gestational BMI, kg/m2

0.002

0.005

0.68

  Net weight gain, kg

0.002

0.004

0.54

  Maternal education

   

   Low

Ref

-

 

   Middle

-0.071

0.081

0.38

   High

-0.076

0.077

0.33

  Smoking

   

   Never-smoker

Ref

-

 

   Past-smoker

-0.133

0.067

0.05

   Smoker

-0.102

0.068

0.13

  Acetaminophen

   

   No

Ref

-

 

   Yes

0.129

0.049

0.009

  Alcohola

   

   No

Ref

-

 

   Yes

-0.036

0.065

0.58

  Parity

   

   1

Ref

-

 

   2

0.054

0.053

0.31

   ≥ 3

0.074

0.085

0.38

Newborn characteristics

   

  Newborn’s gender

   

   Male

Ref

-

 

   Female

-0.108

0.049

0.03

  Ethnicityb

   

   European

Ref

-

 

   Non-European

-0.020

0.074

0.78

  Gestational age, w

0.028

0.019

0.15

  Birth weight, g

0.0001

0.00006

0.06

  Birth length, cm

0.026

0.013

0.05

Time related characteristics

   

  Seasonc

   

   Fall

Ref

-

 

   Winter

0.096

0.067

0.15

   Spring

0.351

0.070

< 0.0001

   Summer

0.097

0.065

0.14

  Apparent temperature, °C

   

   Trimester 1

0.019

0.004

< 0.0001

   Trimester 2

0.006

0.004

0.15

   Trimester 3

-0.021

0.004

< 0.0001

  1. β-estimate is an absolute change in percentage of global DNA methylation.
  2. aData available for 235 and b238 subjects.
  3. cSeason determined for date of conception.