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Table 4 Relative difference in global DNA methylation in placental tissue in association with in utero exposure to particulate air pollution (PM 2.5 ) ( n = 240)

From: Placental DNA hypomethylation in association with particulate air pollution in early life

Multi-lag model, PM 2.5 a, b

Relative difference

95% CI

p-value

Trimester 1 (1-13w)

-2.13%

-3.71

to

-0.54%

0.009

Trimester 2 (14-26w)

-0.43%

-1.84

to

0.98%

0.55

Trimester 3 (27w-delivery)

0.74%

-0.85

to

2.33%

0.36

  1. aAll the three trimester exposures were fitted as independent variables in the same regression model. The effect size is a relative difference (95% CI) in mean placental global DNA methylation for each 5 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 exposure (μg/m3).
  2. bAdjusted for newborn’s gender, maternal age, gestational age, parity, maternal education, smoking status, prenatal acetaminophen use, season at conception and trimester-specific apparent temperature.