Table 1 TiO 2 NP powder characterization assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)
| Â | Parameters | Methods | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
5 nm | Morphology | TEM | Spherical: > 97% |
n = 375 | Â | Â | Rod-shape: < 3% |
| Â | Â | Â |
Crystal phase | XRD | Anatase: > 97% (volume) | |
Rutile: < 3% | |||
Size (nm) | TEM | 53.3% between 3 and 11 | |
Median: 10.6 | |||
Min: 3.9 and max: 75.6 | |||
10-30 nm | Morphology | TEM | Spherical |
n = 330 | Crystal phase | XRD | Anatase: 100% (volume) |
No rutile detected | |||
| Â | Â | Â |
Size (nm) | TEM | 67.6% between 11 and 31 | |
Median: 18.2 | |||
Min: 4.9 and max: 70 | |||
50 nm | Morphology | TEM | Spherical: > 80% |
n = 302 | Â | Â | Rod-shape: < 20% |
| Crystal phase | XRD | Anatase: > 80% (volume) |
Size (nm) | TEM | Rutile: < 20% | |
| Â | Â | 47% between 31 and 61 | |
Median: 34.8 | |||
| Â | Â | Â | Min: 8.6 and max: 112 |
