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Figure 5 | Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Figure 5

From: A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites

Figure 5

Washing induced release from nanocomposites. While only eight studies have focused on release during washing, either of the nanocomposite or through the use of the nanocomposite as a filter, all examined the release of silver-NPs. The data presented in these studies strongly indicates release of ionic forms of silver (75%), but at this time it is difficult to determine if these data are accurate, or limited by the methods used to detect release in most studies. One study shows the release of the matrix with embedded nanomaterials, and one clearly demonstrates release of both the ionic form and dissociated nanoparticulate silver. Across study summaries are present in charts: (A) the added nanomaterial, (B) the matrix, (C) the released debris identified and (D) the number of experiments versus observational studies. (-/+) authors report minimal but detectable levels of dissociated nanomaterial under normal conditions, but significant release under extreme conditions; (exp) rigorous experiments with replicate testing and negative controls (samples of matrix without added nanomaterial) examined; (obs) observational studies with no control samples and/or not replicate testing.

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