Table 4 Inflammatory mediator and oxidative stress release in BALF and lung homogenates following TiO ₂ NP exposure at different dose rates

BALF MCP-1 (pg/mg protein)

5878 ± 1292

6879 ± 3514

7285 ± 4762

17620 ± 3629*

6936 ± 1590

9112 ± 1977

BALF MIP-2 (pg/mg protein)

1592 ± 456

1022 ± 787

893 ± 491

957 ± 343

1696 ± 194

1526 ± 424

Homogenate MCP-1 (pg/mg protein)

578 ± 52

564 ± 64

551 ± 18

527 ± 68

582 ± 72

621 ± 39

Homogenate MIP-2 (pg/mg protein)

18.85 ± 3.84

13.76 ± 1.36

14.21 ± 1.88

18.59 ± 3.67

15.23 ± 4.02

19.29 ± 2.91

Homogenate TNF-α (pg/mg protein)

4.66 ± 0.71

4.14 ± 0.95

4.21 ± 0.42

4.79 ± 0.56

4.23 ± 0.75

4.22 ± 0.32

Homogenate IL-10 (pg/mg protein) ^a

10.85 ± 0.74

9.53 ± 0.99

10.16 ± 0.60

10.12 ± 1.14

10.16 ± 1.22

9.71 ± 1.20

Homogenate HO-1 (ng/mg protein)

1.62 ± 0.15

1.45 ± 0.10

1.69 ± 0.41

1.56 ± 0.19

1.74 ± 0.18

1.60 ± 0.25

BAL pellet HO-1 (ng/mg protein) ^b

101 ± 14

91 ± 53

118 ± 28

104 ± 9

134 ± 13

121 ± 11

Intratracheal instillation

Saline Controls

TiO ₂

Post exposure time

4 hr

8 hr

24 hr low dose

24 hr high dose

7 days

BALF MCP-1 (pg/mg protein)

9026 ± 2037

10770 ± 5619

12590 ± 3402

19340 ± 1913.70*

66450 ± 8421*Φ

18430.00 ± 3593*

BALF MIP-2 (pg/mg protein)

2008 ± 2486

2114 ± 1309

1932 ± 501

1413 ± 412

779 ± 508

1240 ± 428

Homogenate MCP-1 (pg/mg protein)

1084 ± 231Φ

1774 ± 525*Φ

2084 ± 473*Φ

429 ± 40*

1647 ± 287*Φ

1087 ± 249Φ

Homogenate MIP-2 (pg/mg protein)

8.64 ± 2.71Φ

21.23 ± 2.68*Φ

30.53 ± 5.86*Φ

6.78 ± 0.64*Φ

11.87 ± 4.29

13.12 ± 1.97

Homogenate TNF-α (pg/mg protein)

3.86 ± 0.89

5.19 ± 0.54

5.51 ± 0.68*

3.76 ± 0.59

4.44 ± 0.53

4.21 ± 0.37

Homogenate IL-10 (pg/mg protein) ^a

8.83 ± 2.12

10.26 ± 2.61

9.79 ± 1.77

7.27 ± 1.41

8.82 ± 2.10

7.22 ± 1.22

Homogenate HO-1 (ng/mg protein)

1.80 ± 0.58

2.79 ± 0.42*Φ

2.56 ± 0.17*Φ

1.27 ± 0.08*

3.38 ± 0.49*Φ

1.51 ± 0.34

BAL pellet HO-1 (ng/mg protein) ^b

101 ± 16

96 ± 6

124 ± 15

114 ± 17

135 ± 31

118 ± 6