Analytical technique | ||||||||||||||||
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Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) | Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) | X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) | X-ray Photon Spectroscopy (XPS) | Auger Spectroscopy (AES) | Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) | Scanning Probe Microscopy | Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) | Zeta potential | Size Exclusion Chromatography | Analytical Ultracentrifugation | Differential Mobility Analysis (DMA) | Isothermal Adsorption (e.g. BET) | Spectroscopic techniques (UV vis, IR, Raman, NMR) | Elemental analysis (eg ICP-MS/AA etc) | ||
Physicochemical Characteristic | Size distribution (primary particles) | ▲ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
Shape | ▲ | ● | ● |
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Surface area | ● | ◇ | ◇ | ◇ | ◇ |
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Composition | ● | ● | ● | ▲ | ● | ▲ | ||||||||||
Surface chemistry | ● |
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Surface contamination |
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Surface charge – suspension/solution | ▲ | |||||||||||||||
Surface charge – powder (use bio fluid surrogate) | ▲ | |||||||||||||||
Crystal structure | ● | ◇ | ▲ | |||||||||||||
Particle physicochemical structure | ▲ | ● |
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Agglomeration state | ▲ | ● |
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Porosity | ◇ | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
Heterogeneity | ▲ | ● | ◇ |
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