Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy

Oberdörster, Günter; Maynard, Andrew; Donaldson, Ken; Castranova, Vincent; Fitzpatrick, Julie; Ausman, Kevin; Carter, Janet; Karn, Barbara; Kreyling, Wolfgang; Lai, David; Olin, Stephen; Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy; Warheit, David; Yang, Hong

doi:10.1186/1743-8977-2-8

Table 4 Available in vitro systems for portal of entry testing

From: Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy

Portal of Entry	Cell/Tissue Type	Effect	Endpoint	Research Gap
Lung	Epithelium	Toxicity	Trypan blue, LDH, apoptosis
		Inflammation	Gene expression, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathways
		Translocation	Transfer of nanoparticles across membranes	Translocation process
		Carcinogenesis	Genotoxicity, comet assay, 8OHdG, hprt assay, proliferation assay
	Macrophages	Toxicity	Trypan blue, LDH, apoptosis
		Chemotaxis	Chemotaxis assay	Recognition/Activation/Phagocytosis Process
		Phagocytosis	Particle uptake into cells, cytoskeletal staining
		Inflammation	Gene expression, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathways	Additional markers?
	Immune Cells	Immune response	Cytokine profile, adjuvant effects	Additional markers?
	Endothelium	Inflammation	Adhesion molecules, oxidative stress	Additional markers?
		Coagulation	Von Willebrand factor, tissue factor
	Fibroblasts	Inflammation	Oxidative stress, cytokine profile, gene expression profile
		Fibrosis	Collagen synthesis, cell proliferation
	Lung slices	Inflammation	Oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway, immuno-histopathology
		Translocation	Particles across membranes	Translocation process
		Fibrosis	Collagen synthesis
Skin	Cell systems (e.g. HEK)	Cytotoxicity Inflammation	Cell viability – MTT, neutral red, Cytokine profile
	Flow-through diffusion systems	Absorption
	Isolated Skin Flap Model	Absorption, Cytotoxicity, Inflammation	Glucose utilization, any other markers depending on end points (cytokine profiles, histopath, etc.)
Mucosa	Intestinal epithelium (GI tract)	Cytotoxicity	Cell viability – MTT, neutral red, trypan blue Apoptosis
		Inflammation	Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway
		Translocation	Permeability assays
	GALT	Inflammation	Cytokine profile, oxidative stress
		Immune response	Adjuvant effects	Additional markers?
	Buccal epithelium (oral cavitiy)	Cytotoxicity	Cell viability – MTT, neutral red, trypan blue Apoptosis
		Inflammation	Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway
		Translocation	Permeability assays
	Vaginal epithelium (reproductive system)	Cytotoxicity	Cell viability – MTT, neutral red, trypan blue Apoptosis
		Inflammation	Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway
		Translocation	Permeability assays

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ISSN: 1743-8977

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