Lung
|
Epithelium
|
Toxicity
|
Trypan blue, LDH, apoptosis
| |
| |
Inflammation
|
Gene expression, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathways
| |
| |
Translocation
|
Transfer of nanoparticles across membranes
|
Translocation process
|
| |
Carcinogenesis
|
Genotoxicity, comet assay, 8OHdG, hprt assay, proliferation assay
| |
|
Macrophages
|
Toxicity
|
Trypan blue, LDH, apoptosis
| |
| |
Chemotaxis
|
Chemotaxis assay
|
Recognition/Activation/Phagocytosis Process
|
| |
Phagocytosis
|
Particle uptake into cells, cytoskeletal staining
| |
| |
Inflammation
|
Gene expression, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathways
|
Additional markers?
|
|
Immune Cells
|
Immune response
|
Cytokine profile, adjuvant effects
|
Additional markers?
|
|
Endothelium
|
Inflammation
|
Adhesion molecules, oxidative stress
|
Additional markers?
|
| |
Coagulation
|
Von Willebrand factor, tissue factor
| |
|
Fibroblasts
|
Inflammation
|
Oxidative stress, cytokine profile, gene expression profile
| |
| |
Fibrosis
|
Collagen synthesis, cell proliferation
| |
|
Lung slices
|
Inflammation
|
Oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway, immuno-histopathology
| |
| |
Translocation
|
Particles across membranes
|
Translocation process
|
| |
Fibrosis
|
Collagen synthesis
| |
Skin
|
Cell systems (e.g. HEK)
|
Cytotoxicity Inflammation
|
Cell viability – MTT, neutral red, Cytokine profile
| |
|
Flow-through diffusion systems
|
Absorption
| | |
|
Isolated Skin Flap Model
|
Absorption, Cytotoxicity, Inflammation
|
Glucose utilization, any other markers depending on end points (cytokine profiles, histopath, etc.)
| |
Mucosa
|
Intestinal epithelium (GI tract)
|
Cytotoxicity
|
Cell viability – MTT, neutral red, trypan blue Apoptosis
| |
| |
Inflammation
|
Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway
| |
| |
Translocation
|
Permeability assays
| |
|
GALT
|
Inflammation
|
Cytokine profile, oxidative stress
| |
| |
Immune response
|
Adjuvant effects
|
Additional markers?
|
|
Buccal epithelium (oral cavitiy)
|
Cytotoxicity
|
Cell viability – MTT, neutral red, trypan blue Apoptosis
| |
| |
Inflammation
|
Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway
| |
| |
Translocation
|
Permeability assays
| |
|
Vaginal epithelium (reproductive system)
|
Cytotoxicity
|
Cell viability – MTT, neutral red, trypan blue Apoptosis
| |
| |
Inflammation
|
Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway
| |
| |
Translocation
|
Permeability assays
| |