Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy

Oberdörster, Günter; Maynard, Andrew; Donaldson, Ken; Castranova, Vincent; Fitzpatrick, Julie; Ausman, Kevin; Carter, Janet; Karn, Barbara; Kreyling, Wolfgang; Lai, David; Olin, Stephen; Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy; Warheit, David; Yang, Hong

doi:10.1186/1743-8977-2-8

Table 5 Available in vitro systems for potential target organs

From: Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy

Target Organ	Cell/Tissue Type	Effect	Endpoint	Research Gap
Endothelium	Endothelial cells (e.g. HUV-EC-C)	Cytotoxicity	Cell viability – MTT, neutral red, trypan blue Apoptosis
		Homeostasis	Oxidative stress, gene expression profile	Additional markers?
		Translocation	Permeability assays
Blood	Red blood cells, platelets, bone marrow (megakaryocytes)	Inflammation/Immune response	Platelet activation
			Cytokine/chemokine release from leukocytes
			Oxidative stress
			Complement activation
		RBC/particle interactions		Markers?
Liver	Hepatocytes	Toxicity	Cell viability – MTT, neutral red, trypan blue Apoptosis
	Kupffer cells	Inflammation	Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway, gene expression
		Coagulation	Von Willebrand factor, tissue factor
	Isolated perfused liver slices	Translocation, distribution	Histopathology	Translocation process
	Liver slices	Toxicity studies	Cytotoxicity, P450 assay, ATP assays, GSH content	Additional markers? Genomics, Proteomics?
	Collagen sandwich cultures	Toxicity studies	Cytotoxicity, P450 assay, ATP assays, GSH content	Additional markers? Genomics, Proteomics?
Spleen	Lymphocytes	Immune response	Cytokine profile
Central and peripheral nervous system	Neuronal cells	Toxicity	Cytotoxicity – Trypan blue, LDH Apoptosis
		Inflammation	Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway, gene expression
		Translocation	Gene expression, microscopic examination
	Astroglial, Microglial cells	Inflammation	Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway, gene expression
Heart	Cardiomyocytes	Toxicity	Cytotoxicity – Trypan blue, LDH Apoptosis
		Inflammation	Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway, gene expression
		Function	Beat – rhythm testing
Kidney	Cell (e.g. HK-2, MDCK, LCC-PK1)	Toxicity	Cytotoxicity – Trypan blue, LDH Apoptosis
		Inflammation	Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway, gene expression
		Translocation	Permeability assays	Additional markers?
	Kidney slices	Toxicity	Cytotoxicity – Trypan blue, LDH Apoptosis
		Inflammation	Cytokine profile, oxidative stress, signal transduction pathway, gene expression
		Translocation	Permeability assays	Additional markers?

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ISSN: 1743-8977

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