Figure 2

Turbostratic microstructure of primary carbon particles. TEM micrographs showing the turbostratic microstructures, consisting of concentric carbon layers surrounding a) several nuclei in vehicle exhaust (arrows), or b) a single nucleus in wood smoke (arrow). The inset shows a SAED pattern from a wood smoke particle. The arrowhead points at the ring corresponding to the 002 spacings in the turbostratic microstructure.