Table 3 Characterization of nanomaterials.

Copper

Cu₂O (71 Wt%)

CuO (22 Wt%)

Generally equiaxed particles

29.2

22.9

Copper (commercial source)

NA

Rounded agglomerated

7.18

90

Copper oxide (cuprous)

Cu₂O

Rounded

10–11

83–94

Copper oxide (cupric)

CuO (95 Wt%)

Cu₂O (5 Wt%)

Generally equiaxed particles

20.38

45.4

Copper oxide (cupric commercial source)

NA

Rounded

32

30

Copper-Zinc mixed oxide variants

CuO (60–69 Wt%)

ZnO (14–16 Wt%)

Soft agglomerates of nanopowder with some large particles

NA

NA

Zinc oxide stoechiometric

ZnO (99.5 Wt%)

Irregular

19.94

53.6

Zinc-Titania mixed oxide variants 50-50 mix

ZnO (28.8 Wt%)

TiO₂ (5.1/12.7 Wt%)

Zn₂TiO₄ (53.5 Wt%)

Spherical/Rounded

36.7

36.7

Titania stoechiometric

Anatase TiO₂ (99.87 Wt%)

Rounded/Spherical

114.7

12.2

Titania non-stoechiometric

Ti₄O₇ (39 Wt%)

Ti₁₀O₁₈ (18 Wt%)

Ti₆O₁₁ (10 Wt%)

Rutile TiO₂ (20 Wt%)

Anatase TiO₂ (13 Wt%)

Soft agglomerates of nanopowder with some large particles

12.38

112

Silver

Ag (96.3 Wt%)

AgNO₂ (3.7 Wt%)

Rounded, in necklace form

1.83

312

Silver (commercial source)

NA

Irregular

4

142

Cobalt

Co (91.49 Wt%)

O (5.4 Wt%)

Rounded/Spherical

15.76

42.8

Cobalt (commercial source)

NA

Small particles necklaced together

29.2

20

Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese mixed variants

Ni (28.5 Wt%)

Co (25.5 Wt%)

Mn (21.2 Wt%)

Cuboid/Hexagonal

18.3

53.4

Nickel

Ni (96.99 Wt%)

O (2.57 Wt%)

Rounded/Spherical

9.6–10.4

64–69

Nickel oxide

NA

Cubic

18.4

48.9

Zirconia

ZrO₂ (>98.5 Wt%)

Rounded/Spherical

32

32

Yttria doped Zirconia

ZrO₂ (94–96 Wt%)

Y₂O₃ (4–6 Wt%)

Rounded/Spherical

32

33.5

Stainless steel

Fe (59.21 Wt%)

Cr (20.21 Wt%)

Ni (9.12 Wt%)

Mo (1.02 Wt%)

Si (1.01 Wt%)

Mn (0.33 Wt%)

Rounded/Spherical

18.4

40.9

Alumina

Al₂O₃

Rounded/Spherical

24–36

40–68

Tin oxide

Sn

Irregular

26

33

Tungsten carbide

WC (46 Wt%)

W (46 Wt%)

WO₃ (8 Wt%)

Mixture of spherical and angular particles

8.89

43.07

Ceria

CeO₂/TREO (Total Rare Earth Oxide)

Rounded

25.21

33.4