Table 3 A summary of the size dependent toxicity of TiO2 particulates
Paper | TiO2 Particle Size | Model | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
Ferin et al., [3] | 21 nm 250 nm | Rats Intratracheal instillation Inhalation | Pulmonary inflammation greatest for NPs |
Gurr et al., [28] | 10-20 nm 200 nm | Bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) | NPs exhibit oxidative damage that is absent with fine particles |
Kang et al., [47] | 21 nm 1 μm | RAW 264.6 macrophages | ROS production, ERK activation and pro-inflammatory mediator production (TNFα & MIP-2) greater for NPs |
Renwick et al., [45] | 29 nm 250 nm | J774.2 macrophages | NPs impair macrophage phagocytosis, which is not apparent for fine particles |
Renwick et al., [6] | 29 nm 250 nm | Rats intratracheal | NPs stimulate pulmonary inflammation (neutrophil infiltration), epithelial damage and cytotoxicity to a greater extent than their fine counterparts The phagocytic ability of macrophages was impaired with NP exposure but not fine particles |
Wang et al., [24] | 25, 80 nm 155 nm | Mice Oral administration | Toxicity (mainly observed within the liver & kidneys) was greater for NPs |