Nanomaterial cytotoxicity is composition, size, and cell type dependent

Table 3 Summary of Cellular Responses to Nanomaterials.

Relative degree of cell responses	3T3 fibroblasts					hT bronchial epithelial cells					RAW macrophages
	TiO ₂	SiO ₂	MWCNT			TiO ₂	SiO ₂	MWCNT			TiO ₂	SiO ₂	MWCNT
			< 8	20-30	> 50			< 8	20-30	> 50			< 8	20-30	> 50
Cytotoxicity	+	+	+	+	+	+	++	++	+	-	+++	+++	++	++	+++
ROS	+	+	+	+	+	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	-	+
LMD	-	-	+++	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+
MMP	-	-	++	-	-	-	+	++	-	-	-	+	+	-	+
Caspase 3/7	++	++	-	+	-	-	++	+++	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Apoptosis	-	+	+	+	+	-	+++	++	-	-	+++	+++	+	+	++
Necrosis	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

The relative tendency of each nanomaterial to induce cellular responses related to cytotoxicity, ROS, LMD, MMP, and caspase activation were tabulated along with mechanistic evaluation of toxicity mechanisms through Annexin V-FITC and PI staining at 20 hours. (+) indicates a significant increase in the intracellular event while (-) indicates that the material did not induce a harmful response. Similarly a (++) twice the response compared to (+) and (+++) three times as much.

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