Figure 5From: Contrasting macrophage activation by fine and ultrafine titanium dioxide particles is associated with different uptake mechanisms ROS generation by NR8383 cells after particle treatment. (A) Intracellular ROS were measured via fluorescence of DCFH-DA after particle treatment of 40 μg/cm2. (B) EPR measurements in NR8383 supernatant using the spintrap DMPO show a concentration-dependent generation of ROS induced by treatment with both TiO2 and DQ12 particles. In both experiments AM were treated for 3 h. Figures represent mean ± SEM of four independent experiments, with * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 vs. untreated control (ANOVA with LSD post-hoc comparison) in Figure B.Back to article page