Table 1 Physical and chemical characteristics of the NMs used in the present study
Material | Primary particle size distribution [nm] | BET [m2 g -1 ] | Crystallinity | Particle morphology | Purity [%] | Surface modification | Surface chemistry [%] | ζ - potential H 2 O (pH 7) [mV] | pH in H 2 0 (pH 7) | ζ-potential DMEM/10% FBS [mV] | pH DMEM/ 10% FBS | Solubility DMEM/10% FBS [mg kg -1 ] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TiO 2 1 | d90 17 d50 11 | 55 | anatase (95%)/rutile (5%) | irregular spherical | >99.0 | polyoxa acid | O 53.0 Ti 21.0 C 25.0 | 17.5 | 4.04 | -6.7 ± 0.7 | 7.8 | Ti: 0.063 ± 0.042 |
TiO 2 2 | d90 17 d50 11 | 55 | anatase (95%)/rutile (5%) | irregular spherical | >99.0 | polyoxa acid | O 56.4 Ti 20.1 C 22.8 | 17.5 | 4.04 | -9.9 ± 0.6 | 7.8 | Ti: 0.073 ± 0.024 |
TiO 2 3 | d90 28 d50 21 25* | 51 | anatase (80%)/rutile (20%) | crystalline, irregular globular | 99.5 | - | 0 58.0 Ti 26.0 C 14.0 N 0.5 Cl 1.0 | -26.3 | 3.62 | -9.1 ± 0.3 | 7.8 | Ti: 0.015 ± 0.004 |
Carbon Black | d90 23 d50 17 14* | 339 | amorphous | agglomerated (d90 37 μm; d50 127 μm) | > 99.9 | - | nd | -14 | nd | -7.6 ± 0.9 | 7.8 | nd |
CeO 2 -A | d90 10 d50 7 | 63 | 100% face centered cubic | crystalline | > 99.97 | HNO3 | O 56.8 Ce 25.0 C 18.2 | 45.8 | 6.2 | -9.9 ± 0.5 | 7.8 | Ce: 0.415 ± 0.005 |
CeO 2 -B | d90 15 d50 7 | 44 | 100% face centered cubic | crystalline | > 99.97 | HNO3 | O 56.1 Ce 21.8 C 22.1 | 35 | 5.4 | -9.2 ± 0.2 | 7.8 | Ce: 0.57 ± 0.08 |
CeO 2 -C | d90 16 d50 7 | 38 | 100% face centered cubic | crystalline | > 99.97 | HNO3 | O 56.5 Ce 22.1 C 21.5 | 30 | 3.4 | -10.1 ± 0.2 | 7.8 | Ce: 0.255 ± 0.040 |
CeO 2 -D | d90 10 d50 7 | 63 | 100% face centered cubic | crystalline | > 99.97 | HNO3 | O 56.0 Ce 22.3 C 21.7 | 30 | 3.4 | -9.6 ± 0.1 | 7.8 | Ce: 0.28 ± 0.06 |
CeO 2 | d90 70 d50 40 | 33 | cerianite, cubic | irregular spherical | 97.7 | - | O 53.0 Ce 26.0 C 20.0 Cl 0.6 | 23.7 | nd | -7.3 ± 1.1 | 7.9 | Ce: 0.018 ± 0.016 |
AlOOH I | d50 40 d90 nd | 47 | orthorhombic, Böhmit-like | irregular spherical, agglomerated (d50 41 μm; d90 83 μm) | 82.7 | - | O 61.6 Al 31.7 C 6.7 | 34.0 (1 mmol KCl) | 3.5-5 | -7.6 ± 0.8 | 7.8 | Al: 0.185 ± 0.012 |
AlOOH II | d50 70 d90 nd | 159 | orthorhombic, Böhmit-like | irregular spherical, agglomerated (d50 12 μm; d90 43 μm) | 92.5 | - | O 65.0 Al 32.1 C 2.0 Cl 0.9 | 26.4 (1 mmol KCl) | 7.5 | -10.7 ± 0.2 | 7.8 | Al: 0.265 ± 0.167 |
Ti-Zr 1* | d90 31 d50 23 | 44 | ZrO2 tetragonal/baddeleyite ZrO2 | crystalline | >99 TiO2:ZrO2 = 10:90 | - | C 16.9 O 55.5 Cl 0.7 Ti 6.3 Zr 20.6 | -30 | 4.0 | -8.7 ± 0.7 | 7.8 | Ti: - Zr: 0.012 ± 0.001 |
Ti-Zr 2* | d90 34 d50 17 | 54 | ZrO2 srilankite orthorhombic, TiO2 possibly rutile | crystalline | >99 TiO2:ZrO2 = 50:50 | - | C 20.5 O 55.3 Cl 0.4 Ti 15.6 Zr 10.2 | -34 | 4.1 | -9.7 ± 0.4 | 7.8 | Ti: 0.011 ± 0.007 Zr: 0.018 ± 0.006 |
Ti-Zr 3* | d90 34 d50 18 | 51 | TiO2 tetragonal anatase and rutile | crystalline | >99 TiO2:ZrO2 = 90:10 | - | C 22.6 O 53.7 Ti 22.4 Zr 1.2 | -20 | 4.4 | -8.9 ± 0.3 | 7.8 | Ti: 0.028 ± 0.002 Zr: 0.004 ± 0.002 |
Al-Ti-Zr 1* | d90 30 d50 23 | 43 | ZrO2 tetragonal | 31% ellipsoid 36% linear 31% branched 2% circular | >99 Al2O3:ZrO2 = 15:75 TiO2 10 | - | C 13.5 O 56 Al 14.2 Cl 0.9 Ti 5.8 Zr 9.6 | 0 | 4.61 | -9.5 ± 0.7 | 7.8 | Al: 0.085 ± 0.046 Ti: 0.011 ± 0.007 Zr: 0.030 ± 0.005 |
Al-Ti-Zr 2* | d90 36 d50 25 | 45 | AlO0,18ZrO0,82O1,91tetragonal ZrO2 orthorhombic possibly TiO2 cubic | 36% ellipsoid 37% linear 24% branched 3% circular | >99 Al2O3:ZrO2 = 45:45 TiO2 10 | - | C 12.1 O 57 Al 20.9 Cl 0.7 Ti 3.2 Zr 6.1 | 18 | 4.93 | -7.4 ± 0.7 | 7.8 | Al: 0.045 ± 0.012 Ti: 0.008 ± 0.004 Zr: 0.029 ± 0.018 |
Al-Ti-Zr 3* | d90 41 d50 29 | 48 | AlO0,18ZrO0,82O1,91tetragonal Al2O3 cubic | 36% ellipsoid 33% linear 27% branched 3% circular | >99 Al2O3:ZrO2 = 75:15 TiO2 10 | - | C 13.5 O 54.4 Al 23.9 Cl 0.4 Ti 4.6 Zr 3.3 | 19 | 4.57 | -7.0 ± 0.5 | 7.8 | Al: 0.01 ± 0.018 Ti: 0.003 ± 0.004 Zr: 0.008 ± 0.001 |
ZrO 2 1 | d90 40 d50 17 | 122 | ZrO2 monocline (60%)/Baddeleyite tetragonal (40%) | irregular spherical | 94.6 | polyoxa acid, 12,5% w/w | O 55 Zr 21 C 24 Cl 0.6 | 59.3 | 4.06 | -8.7 ± 0.8 | 7.8 | Zr: 0.037 ± 0.032 |
ZrO 2 2 | d90 40 d50 17 | 122 | ZrO2 monocline (60%)/Baddeleyite tetragonal (40%) | irregular spherical | 94.6 | acetic acid, 8,5% w/w | O 55 Zr 21 C 24 Cl 0.6 | 17 | 3.68 | -7.7 ± 0.5 | 7.8 | Zr: 0.062 ± 0.023 |
ZrO 2 3 | d90 250 d50 90 | 96 | ZrO2 monocline (60%)/Baddeleyite tetragonal (40%) | irregular spherical | 94.6 | Ammoniumpolyacrylate, 13,6% w/w | O 48 Zr 21 C 18 N 12 Cl 0.6 | -44 | 9.45 | -11.5 ± 0.7 | 7.8 | Zr: 0.214 ± 0.086 |
BaSO 4 | d50 37.5 d90 nd | 41.4 | crystalline, orthorhombic, baryte-like | spherical. agglomerated (d90 35 μm; d50 17 μm) | 93.8 | organic | Ba 12.7 S 10.8 O 51.7 C 17.2 | -33 | 9.7 | -10.7 ± 0.8 | 7.8 | Ba: 0.675 ± 0.075 |
SrCO 3 1 | d90 19 d50 13 | 33 | crystalline, orthorhombic, strontianite-like | rod shaped. agglomerated (d90 23.7 μm; d50 5.9 μm) | 96.4 | organic, hydrophilic | Sr 21.1 C 27.1 O 51.3 | -10 | 7.8 | -9.2 ± 0.6 | 7.8 | Sr: 0.545 ± 0.092 |
SrCO 3 2 | d90 17 d50 13 | 8.9 | crystalline, orthorhombic, strontianite-like | rod shaped. agglomerated (d90 18.6 μm; d50 5.9 μm) | 85 | organic, hydrophobic | Sr 11.7 C 50.6 O 37.0 P 0.7 | -66 | 7.6 | -10.8 ± 0.6 | 7.8 | Sr: 0.680 ± 0.005 |