Figure 4
From: Autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction as emerging mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity
Nanoparticle-induced autophagy. A) Recent evidence supporting ubiquitination of nanomaterials directly, or indirectly through colocalization with protein aggregates, suggests that cells may select nanomaterials for autophagy through a p62-LC3 II pathway similar to invading pathogens (see text). B) Data also supports nanomaterial-induced alteration of autophagy signaling pathways, including: 1) induction of oxidative stress-dependent signaling (e.g., ER stress, mitochondrial damage), 2) suppression of Akt-mTOR signaling, and 3) alteration of autophagy related gene/protein expression.