Autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction as emerging mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity

Stern, Stephan T; Adiseshaiah, Pavan P; Crist, Rachael M

doi:10.1186/1743-8977-9-20

Table 2 A summary of nanomaterial-induced autophagy perturbation

From: Autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction as emerging mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity

Nanomaterial	Size and charge of the nanomaterial	Models	Autophagy markers examined	Experimental techniques used to evaluate autophagy perturbation	Reference
Manganese nanoparticles	30 - 50 nm*	Rat N27 dopaminergic neuronal cells	LC3 and Beclin 1	Immunoblot, GFP- LC3 transfection	[79]
Neodymium oxide nanoparticles	80 nm*	NCI-H460 human lung cancer cells	None	TEM, acridine orange staining	[80]
C60 fullerene pentoxifylline dyad nanoparticles	79 nm^#	Mouse neuroblast neuro 2A cells	LC3	Immunoblot and TEM	[81]
Fullerenol	20 nm; negative charge^#	LLC-PK1 porcine kidney cells	LC3	Lysotracker assay, Immunoblot, TEM	[32]
Gold nanoparticles	10, 20, 50 nm; negative charge^#	Rat kidney (NRK) cells	LC3	Immunoblot, GFP- LC3 transfection, TEM	[82]
Iron oxide nanoparticles	115 nm; negative charge^#	A549 human lung cancer cells	LC3, ATG5, ATG12; AKT signaling	Immunoblot	[83]
Polymeric nanoparticles (Eudragit RS)	54 nm; positive charge^#	NR8383 rat alveolar macrophage cell line	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM, LC3-Immunostaining	[84]
EGFR-plasmonic magnetic nanoparticles	73 nm; negative charge^#	Non-small cell lung cancer cells	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM, GFP-LC3 transfection	[31]
Yttrium oxide nanoparticles	177 nm^#	HeLa cells	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM, GFP-LC3 transfection	[85]
Ytterbium oxide nanoparticles	279 nm^#	HeLa cells	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM, GFP-LC3 transfection	[85]
Fullerene C60 nanoparticles	50-100 nm; negative charge^#	MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line	LC3	Immunoblot, GFP- LC3 transfection	[86]
Uncoated, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles	8 nm; positive charge*	HCEC Human brain endothelial cells	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM	[87]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles	21 nm; negative charge*
Silica nanoparticles	25, 50 nm; negative charge*
Cadmium selenide quantum dot	5.1 nm^#	LLC-PK1 porcine kidney cells	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM, Lysotracker assay	[88]
Indium gallium phosphide quantum dot	3.7 nm^#	LLC-PK1 porcine kidney cells	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM, Lysotracker assay	[88]
PAMAN Dendrimer	Several different generations (varying in sizes and charge)*	A549 human lung cancer cells; Balb\c mice	LC3, AKT signaling	Immunoblot, TEM, GFP-LC3 transfection	[89]
Silica nanoparticles (spheres, worms, cylinders)	Several^#	A549 human lung cancer cells, RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM	[27]
Fullerene C60/70 nanoparticles	100 nm^#	Rat C6 glioma cell line	None	Acridine orange staining	[90]
Iron core with gold shell nanoparticles	10 nm^#	OEMC1 human oral cancer cell line	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM, LC3 Immunostaining	[91]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles	<25 nm*	HT29 human colon cancer cell line	None	GFP-LC3 transfection	[92]
Palladium nanoparticles	5-10 nm	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)	LC3	TEM	[93]
Single walled carbon nanotube- carboxylic acid	nanoscale*	A549 human lung cancer cell line/Balb/c mice	LC3, AKT signaling	Immunoblot, TEM, ATG6 siRNA transfection	[94]
Gold nanoparticles	22 nm; negative charge^#	MRC-5 human lung fibroblast cells	LC3, ATG7	Immunoblot, TEM	[95]
Fullerene C60 nanocrystals	20-100 nm^#	MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, HeLa human cervical cancer cell line	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM, GFP-LC3 transfection	[96]
Samarium oxide; Europium oxide; Gadolinium oxide; Terbium oxide nanoparticles	50 nm^#	HeLa human cervical cancer cell line	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM, GFP-LC3 transfection	[97]
Fullerenol nanoparticles	7.1 nm^#	HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cell line	LC3	Immunoblot, TEM	[98]
Quantum dots	nanoscale*	Human mesenchymal stem cells	LC3	LC3 immunostaining, TEM	[30]
Alpha alumina nanoparticles	60 nm^#	Dendritic cells	LC3	LC3 immunostaining, Immunoblot, TEM	[28]

*characterized by manufacturer; ^#characterized by author.

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