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Table 2 Summary of the length-dependent effects of fibres in the lungs

From: Use of silver nanowires to determine thresholds for fibre length-dependent pulmonary inflammation and inhibition of macrophage migration in vitro

  

Endpoint

  

BAL Granulocytes *

Lung Histology **

Frustrated phagocytosis ***

Impaired migration ****

Δ kinase phosphorylation *****

Treatment

Control

+

-

No

-

NA

SFA

+

-

No

NA

NA

LFA

+++

++++

Yes

NA

NA

AgNW 3

+

-

No

-

+

AgNW 5

++

+

No

+

+

AgNW 10

++

+

No

++

NA

 

AgNW 14

+++

+++

Yes

+++

++

  1. * BAL granulocytes: <0.5 million (+); 0.5-1.0 million (++); 1–2 million (+++).
  2. ** Lung histology subjectively scored on the basis of the severity of lung inflammation (see results).
  3. *** Frustrated phagocytosis on the basis of evaluation of cytospins for presence of frustrated phagocytosis.
  4. **** Impaired migration on the basis of degree of significant impairment compared to control (see Figure 6A).
  5. ***** Δ kinase phosphorylation based on subjective examination the levels of phosphorylation of the treated compared to the control levels of phosphorylation (see Figure 7). NA = not applicable.