Skip to main content

Table 1 In vivo lung fibrotic reaction of CNT administered via inhalation

From: Mechanisms of lung fibrosis induced by carbon nanotubes: towards an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)

Inhalation studies

Duration

CNT

Dose

Experimental model

Fibrosis

References

 

Type

Source

Length (μm)

Diameter (nm)

Other

 

Species

Strain

Methods

  

1-28d

SWCNT

CNI

0.1–1

0.8–1.2

 

5 mg/m3, 5 h/d, 4d

mouse

C57BL/6

SSCK, SRS

+

[81]

whole body

1y

SWCNT

U

1–3

65

 

5 mg/m3, 5 h/d, 4d

mouse

C57BL/6

SSCK

+

[83]

whole body

2-12d

MWCNT-7

HCC

/

/

 

10 mg/m3, 5 h/d

mouse

C57BL/6 J

MTS

+

[84]

whole body

1 to 336d

MWCNT-7

HCC

4.3

/

 

5 mg/m3, 5 h/d, 12d

mouse

C57BL/6 J

SRS

+

[27]

whole body

17 m

MWCNT-7

HCC

1–6

40–90

 

5 mg/m3, 5 h/d, 5d/w

mouse

B6C3F1

H&E

↑

[85]

whole body

90d

MWCNT-7

HCC

5.5–6.2

94–98

 

0.2–5 mg/m3, 5 h/d, 4d

rat

F344

MTS

++

[86]

whole body

1d-14w

MWCNT

HMS

0.3–50

30–50

 

1–30 mg/m3, 6 h/d

mouse

C57BL/6

MTS

++

[87]

nose inh

90d

MWCNT

N

0.1–10

5–15

 

0.1–2.5 mg/m3,

rat

Wistar

H&E

-

[88]

6 h/d, 5d/w, 13w

nose inh

90d

MWCNT

N

0.1–10

5–15

 

0.1–2.5 mg/m3

rat

SH

MTS, LS, GS

-

[89]

6 h/d, 5d/w, 13w

nd inh

  1. nd: not determined. Duration: d: day; w: week; y: year. CNT type: AP: as prepared; COOH: carboxyl; NH2: amino; PD: purified. Source: A: Arkema (France); CNI: Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (Houston, TX); CT: Cheap Tubes (Brattlebore, VT); HCC: Hodogaya Chemical Company; HMS: Helix Materials Solution (Richardson, TX); MC: Mitsui & Company (Tokio, Japan); N: Nanocyl (Sambreville, Belgium); NI: NanoIntegris (Skokie, IL); NP: Nanotech Port (Chengdu, China); PIH: produced in-house; SA: Sigma-Aldrich (Lyon, France); SN: Shenzhen Nanoharbor (Shenzhen, China); SNP: Shenzhen Nanotech Port (Shenzhen, China); U: Unidym (Sunnyvale, CA). Other: AD: acetone/sonication dispersed; ALD: atomic layer deposition; BSA: bovine serum albumin; cc-PEI: carboxyl converted PEI; D: dispersed; DPPC: dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; F: functionalized; ND: no dispersed; PABS: polyaminobenzene sulfonic acid group; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PEI: polyethyleneimine; PF108-C: cruder stock; PF108-HD: homogeneously dispersed; SD: survanta dispersed; swNH2: sidewall amine. Methods: GS: Gomori staining; H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin stain; hcIll: histopathology collagen type III; LS: Ladewig staining; MTS: Masson's trichrome staining; OH-p: hydroxyl proline, SRS: Sirius red staining; SSCK: Sircol Soluble Collagen; WBc: western blot collagen. Fibrosis: +p < 0.05, ++p < 0.01, +++p < 0.001 as reported in the respective paper; (#) p < 0.05 difference between particle responses as reported in the respective paper; ↑: increase of fibrosis suggested by authors but without statistical evidence