Intratracheal injection studies |
Duration | CNT | Dose | Experimental model | Fibrosis | References |
|  | Type | Source | Length (μm) | Diameter (nm) | Other |  | Species | Strain | Methods |  |  |
7-56d | short SWCNT | SN | 0.35–0.7 | 10–20 |  | 60 μg | Mouse | C57BL/6 J | SSCK, MTS | - | [65] |
long SWCNT | 5–15 | 10–20 | (3 mg/kg) | + |
14d | SWCNT AMIDE | / | 0.7–1 | 4–6 | F | 10 mg/kg | Mouse | C57BL/6 | MTS, hcI, hcIII, hα-SMA | ++ | [90] |
SWCNT COOH | 0.5–1.5 | 4–5 | F | ++ |
SWCNT PABS | 0.5-1 | 1.1 | F | ++ |
SWCNT PEG | 0.5–0.6 | 4.5 | F | ++ |
1-180d | MWCNT | SA | 0.5–2 | 20–50 | BSA disp | 1–100 μg | Rat | Sprague–Dawley | SSCK, MTS | - | [91] |
(5–500 μg/kg) |
1-91d | MWCNT-7 | MC | 5 | 88 |  | 40–160 μg | Rat | F344 | MTS | ↑ | [92] |
(0.2–0.8 mg/kg) |
1-30d | short MWCNT | NP | 0.5–2 | 50 |  | 0.6 mg | Rat | SH | SRS, hcIII | - | [15] |
long MWCNT | 20–50 | 50 | (3 mg/kg) | ++ |
60d | MWCNT | PIH | 5.9 | 9.7 |  | 0.5–5 mg | Rat | Sprague–Dawley | OH-p, MTS, ELISAc | +++ | [2] |
MWCNTg | 0.7 | 11.3 | (2.5–25 mg/kg) | ++ |
60d | MWCNTg | PIH | 0.7 | 20–50 | defects +++ | 2 mg | Rat | Wistar | OH-p, MTS | ++ | [93] |
MWCNTg 600 | defects ++ | (10Â mg/kg) | +++ |
MWCNTg 2400 | defects + | +++ |
- nd: not determined. Duration: d: day; w: week; y: year. CNT type: AP: as prepared; COOH: carboxyl; NH2: amino; PD: purified. Source: A: Arkema (France); CNI: Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (Houston, TX); CT: Cheap Tubes (Brattlebore, VT); HCC: Hodogaya Chemical Company; HMS: Helix Materials Solution (Richardson, TX); MC: Mitsui & Company (Tokio, Japan); N: Nanocyl (Sambreville, Belgium); NI: NanoIntegris (Skokie, IL); NP: Nanotech Port (Chengdu, China); PIH: produced in-house; SA: Sigma-Aldrich (Lyon, France); SN: Shenzhen Nanoharbor (Shenzhen, China); SNP: Shenzhen Nanotech Port (Shenzhen, China); U: Unidym (Sunnyvale, CA). Other: AD: acetone/sonication dispersed; ALD: atomic layer deposition; BSA: bovine serum albumin; cc-PEI: carboxyl converted PEI; D: dispersed; DPPC: dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; F: functionalized; ND: no dispersed; PABS: polyaminobenzene sulfonic acid group; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PEI: polyethyleneimine; PF108-C: cruder stock; PF108-HD: homogeneously dispersed; SD: survanta dispersed; swNH2: sidewall amine. Methods: GS: Gomori staining; H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin stain; hcIll: histopathology collagen type III; LS: Ladewig staining; MTS: Masson's trichrome staining; OH-p: hydroxyl proline, SRS: Sirius red staining; SSCK: Sircol Soluble Collagen; WBc: western blot collagen. Fibrosis: +p < 0.05, ++p < 0.01, +++p < 0.001 as reported in the respective paper; (#) p < 0.05 difference between particle responses as reported in the respective paper; ↑: increase of fibrosis suggested by authors but without statistical evidence
