|
Intratracheal injection studies
|
|
Duration
|
CNT
|
Dose
|
Experimental model
|
Fibrosis
|
References
|
| |
Type
|
Source
|
Length (μm)
|
Diameter (nm)
|
Other
| |
Species
|
Strain
|
Methods
| | |
|
7-56d
|
short SWCNT
|
SN
|
0.35–0.7
|
10–20
| |
60 μg
|
Mouse
|
C57BL/6 J
|
SSCK, MTS
|
-
|
[65]
|
|
long SWCNT
|
5–15
|
10–20
|
(3 mg/kg)
|
+
|
|
14d
|
SWCNT AMIDE
|
/
|
0.7–1
|
4–6
|
F
|
10 mg/kg
|
Mouse
|
C57BL/6
|
MTS, hcI, hcIII, hα-SMA
|
++
|
[90]
|
|
SWCNT COOH
|
0.5–1.5
|
4–5
|
F
|
++
|
|
SWCNT PABS
|
0.5-1
|
1.1
|
F
|
++
|
|
SWCNT PEG
|
0.5–0.6
|
4.5
|
F
|
++
|
|
1-180d
|
MWCNT
|
SA
|
0.5–2
|
20–50
|
BSA disp
|
1–100 μg
|
Rat
|
Sprague–Dawley
|
SSCK, MTS
|
-
|
[91]
|
|
(5–500 μg/kg)
|
|
1-91d
|
MWCNT-7
|
MC
|
5
|
88
| |
40–160 μg
|
Rat
|
F344
|
MTS
|
↑
|
[92]
|
|
(0.2–0.8 mg/kg)
|
|
1-30d
|
short MWCNT
|
NP
|
0.5–2
|
50
| |
0.6 mg
|
Rat
|
SH
|
SRS, hcIII
|
-
|
[15]
|
|
long MWCNT
|
20–50
|
50
|
(3 mg/kg)
|
++
|
|
60d
|
MWCNT
|
PIH
|
5.9
|
9.7
| |
0.5–5 mg
|
Rat
|
Sprague–Dawley
|
OH-p, MTS, ELISAc
|
+++
|
[2]
|
|
MWCNTg
|
0.7
|
11.3
|
(2.5–25 mg/kg)
|
++
|
|
60d
|
MWCNTg
|
PIH
|
0.7
|
20–50
|
defects +++
|
2 mg
|
Rat
|
Wistar
|
OH-p, MTS
|
++
|
[93]
|
|
MWCNTg 600
|
defects ++
|
(10 mg/kg)
|
+++
|
|
MWCNTg 2400
|
defects +
|
+++
|
- nd: not determined. Duration: d: day; w: week; y: year. CNT type: AP: as prepared; COOH: carboxyl; NH2: amino; PD: purified. Source: A: Arkema (France); CNI: Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (Houston, TX); CT: Cheap Tubes (Brattlebore, VT); HCC: Hodogaya Chemical Company; HMS: Helix Materials Solution (Richardson, TX); MC: Mitsui & Company (Tokio, Japan); N: Nanocyl (Sambreville, Belgium); NI: NanoIntegris (Skokie, IL); NP: Nanotech Port (Chengdu, China); PIH: produced in-house; SA: Sigma-Aldrich (Lyon, France); SN: Shenzhen Nanoharbor (Shenzhen, China); SNP: Shenzhen Nanotech Port (Shenzhen, China); U: Unidym (Sunnyvale, CA). Other: AD: acetone/sonication dispersed; ALD: atomic layer deposition; BSA: bovine serum albumin; cc-PEI: carboxyl converted PEI; D: dispersed; DPPC: dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; F: functionalized; ND: no dispersed; PABS: polyaminobenzene sulfonic acid group; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PEI: polyethyleneimine; PF108-C: cruder stock; PF108-HD: homogeneously dispersed; SD: survanta dispersed; swNH2: sidewall amine. Methods: GS: Gomori staining; H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin stain; hcIll: histopathology collagen type III; LS: Ladewig staining; MTS: Masson's trichrome staining; OH-p: hydroxyl proline, SRS: Sirius red staining; SSCK: Sircol Soluble Collagen; WBc: western blot collagen. Fibrosis: +p < 0.05, ++p < 0.01, +++p < 0.001 as reported in the respective paper; (#) p < 0.05 difference between particle responses as reported in the respective paper; ↑: increase of fibrosis suggested by authors but without statistical evidence
