Fig. 1

Fraction of deposited nCeO₂, amsCeO_2, and aSiO₂ particles over a 48 h exposure, using fibroblasts cultured in 24-well tissue culture plates in fibroblast growth medium. The Harvard in vitro dosimetry method was used to determine the fraction of nanoparticle delivered to cells as a function of time. Uncoated nCeO₂ settled slower than both amsCeO₂ and aSiO₂, with all nanoparticles achieving approximately 90 % deposition by 40 h post-administration to cells