Fig. 2

Nanoparticles induced binucleated cells formation. a: After co-culture for 12 h, the binuclear cells were present (red rectangle, white arrows) and LVLS generated in cytoplasm. A magnified image of binucleated cell showed the 30 nm Ps particles bound on the inner surface of the LVLS. b: Video of the process of binuclear cell formation (white arrow). c: Flow cytometer assay indicated that 30 nm Ps particles increased the percent of binuclear cells (black line was treated cell and red line was control cell). d: The percent of binuclear cells reached 9.97 % in treated cells and was 0.83 % in control cells. The difference of the percent of binuclear cells in treated cell and control cell was significance (p < 0.05)