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Fig. 3 | Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Fig. 3

From: In vitro biological responses to nanofibrillated cellulose by human dermal, lung and immune cells: surface chemistry aspect

Fig. 3

Metabolic activity of cells after NFC exposure. Cell viability of NFC-treated cells was assesed by evaluating cell metabolic activity using the alamar blue assay. a HDF cells, b MRC-5 cells and c THP-1 macrophages exposed to increasing doses of NFC (50–500 μg/mL) for 24 h. MCC is a food grade nanocellulose used as a reference material. The positive control was DMSO (5% v/v in cell culture media) an inducer of cytotoxic effects. Data are expressed as percentage relative to the negative control (untreated cells) and presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. Significant results as compared to the negative control are marked with asterisks (** p < 0.01 and **** p < 0.0001)

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