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Table 3 Ultrafine pollutant particular matter effects in experimental in vivo models of asthma.

From: Mechanistic insight into the impact of nanomaterials on asthma and allergic airway disease

Nanomaterial Properties

Model Characteristics

Disease Related Endpoints

Ref

Material

1° Size (nm)

Location

Species (strain)

Allergen (route)

Exposure Route

Dose

AHR (test)

IgE

Eos

Neu

Lym

MΦ

Total cell

Gene Expression Markers

GCH-MS

 

Ultrafine Particles

<150

Los Angeles

Mice (BALB/c -f)

OVA (Int N)

Int N

0.95 μg/kg

-

↑

nc

nc

nc

-

nc

↑ (TNF-α, IL-5, IL-13, IL-6, MCP-1, MIPI-α) nc (IL-4, INF-γ)

-

[231]

DCB-230

200

-

Rats (BN–neonates)

n/a

A

200 μg/m3 (20min x7d)

↑ (Resist)

-

nc

↑

↑

-

-

↓ (IL-18, VEGF, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-1β)

-

[234]

Ultrafine Particles

<180

Downtown Los Angeles

Mice (BALB/c –f)

OVA (Int N)

Int N

0.01 μg/kg

-

nc

↑

nc

↑

-

↑

↑ (IL-12, IL-6, IL-1β) nc (IL-13)

-

[232]

Ultrafine Particles

<150

Downtown Los Angeles

Mice (BALB/c –f)

OVA (Int N)

Int N

297 – 394 μg/m3

-

nc

nc

nc

-

-

-

↑ (IL-5) nc (IL-13)

-

[256]

Ultrafine Particles

<170

Fresno, CA, USA (Summer Night)

Mice (BALB/c –m)

HDM (Int N)

Int N

45 μg/m3

-

-

nc

nc

nc

nc

nc

nc (HO-1)

-

[229]

Ultrafine Particles

<170

Fresno, CA, USA (Winter Day)

Mice (BALB/c –m)

HDM (Int N)

Int N

45 μg/m3

-

-

↑

nc

↑

nc

↑

↑ (HO-1)

-

[229]

Ultrafine Particles

<170

Fresno, CA, USA (Winter Night)

Mice (BALB/c –m)

HDM (Int N)

Int N

45 μg/m3

-

-

nc

nc

nc

nc

nc

nc (HO-1)

-

[229]

Ultrafine Particles

<170

Fresno, CA, USA (Summer Day)

Mice (BALB/c –m)

HDM (Int N)

Int N

45 μg/m3

-

-

nc

nc

↑

nc

nc

↑ (HO-1)

-

[229]

Ultrafine Particles

<180

Los Angeles

Mice (BALB/c –f)

OVA (Int N)

Int N

0.04 μg/kg

-

↑

↑

↑

-

-

-

↑ (IL-5, IL-13, IL-17a)

↑ sig MUC5AC

[258]

Ultrafine Particles

<180

Los Angeles

Mice (Il4raR576)

OVA (IP)

Int N

0.18 μg/kg

↑ (Resist)

↑

↑

-

-

-

↑

↑ (IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-5)

-

[259]

Ultrafine Particles

<180

Detroit (upwind/downwind)

Mice (BALB/c –f)

OVA (IP)

OA

0.28, 1.4 μg/kg

-

nc

nc

nc

-

-

-

↑ (IL-5 (1.4 only))

-

[257]

  1. Abbreviations: 1 primary, AHR airway hyperresponsiveness, LF lung function, Resist Resistance, Eos eosinophils, Neu neutrophils, Lym lymphocytes, MΦ macrophages, GCH-MS goblet cell hyperplasia-mucus secretion, −f –female, OVA ovalbumin, Int N intranasal instillation, ↑ increase, nc no change; − not determined, DCB combustion-generated ultrafine particles containing environmental persistent free radicals using 1,2-dichlorobenzene, BN Brown Norway, A aerosol, ↓ decrease, − not determined, −m –male, HDM house dust mite, IP intraperitoneal injection, OA oropharyngeal aspiration