Detection of titanium particles in human liver and spleen and possible health implications

Heringa, M. B.; Peters, R. J. B.; Bleys, R. L. A. W.; van der Lee, M. K.; Tromp, P. C.; van Kesteren, P. C. E.; van Eijkeren, J. C. H.; Undas, A. K.; Oomen, A. G.; Bouwmeester, H.

doi:10.1186/s12989-018-0251-7

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Table 2 Ti and TiO₂ particles in human (post mortem 4% formaldehyde fixed) liver and spleen

From: Detection of titanium particles in human liver and spleen and possible health implications

		Total Ti	TiO₂ (Particles)		Ti in particles^a		Total Ti	TiO₂ (Particles)		Ti in particles^a
Human	Tissue		size range	number of particles	min - max	Tissue		size range	number of particles	min - max
subject		mg/kg	nm	10⁹ /kg tissue	mg/kg tissue		mg/kg	nm	10⁹ /kg tissue	mg/kg tissue
1	Liver	0.04	85–320	2.3–7.2	0.01–0.04	Spleen	0.1	90–580	5.7–18	0.06–0.2
2	Liver	0.09	90–440	6.6–21	0.08–0.3	Spleen	0.4	90–420	18–56	0.1–0.4
3	Liver	< LODt	< LODs	< LODn	< LODc	Spleen	0.02	85–370	1.2–3.8	0.01–0.04
4	Liver	0.05	85–550	1.4–4.4	0.03–0.1	Spleen	0.09	85–320	2.8–8.8	0.01–0.02
5	Liver	< LODt	< LODs	< LODn	< LODc	Spleen	0.03	85–520	1.5–4.7	0.02–0.07
6	Liver	0.03	85–380	2.1–6.6	0.01–0.04	Spleen	0.02	85–350	1.3–4.1	0.01–0.04
7	Liver	< LODt	85–370	1.3–4.1	0.01–0.02	Spleen	0.02	< LODs	<LODn	< LODc
8	Liver	0.02	< LODs	< LODn	< LODc	Spleen	< LODt	< LODs	<LODn	< LODc
9	Liver	< LODt	< LODs	< LODn	< LODc	Spleen	0.2	85–410	9.3–29	0.08–0.3
10	Liver	< LODt	< LODs	< LODn	< LODc	Spleen	0.02	85–360	2.1–6.6	0.01–0.04
11	Liver	0.04	85–450	2.6–8.1	0.02–0.07	Spleen	0.03	90–420	3.2–10	0.02–0.07
12	Liver	0.02	< LODs	< LODn	< LODc	Spleen	0.04	90–720	2.1–6.6	0.05–0.2
13	Liver	< LODt	90–440	1.0–3.1	0.03–0.1	Spleen	0.02	90–390	2.3–7.2	0.03–0.10
14	Liver	< LODt	< LODs	< LODn	< LOD	Spleen	0.03	90–430	2.7–5.3	0.03–0.1
15	Liver	< LODt	< LODs	< LODn	< LODc	Spleen	0.04	90–500	2.4–7.5	0.03–0.1
	n > lod	7	7–7	7–7	7–7		14	13–13	13–13	13–13
	average	0.04^b	86–421	2–8	0.03–0.1		0.08 ^c	88–445	4–13	0.04–0.1
	mode	0.04	85–440	–	0.01–0.04		0.02	85–420	2–7	0.01–0.04
	stdev	0.02	2–74	2–6	0.02–0.1		0.1	3–110	5–15	0.03–0.11
	min	0.02	85–320	1–3	0.01–0.02		0.02	85–320	1–4	0.01–0.02
	max	0.09	90–550	7–21	0.08–0.3		0.4	90–720	18–56	0.1–0.4

Particle TiO₂ concentrations are reported as measured (min) and after correction for the analytical recovery (max). All concentrations are corrected for total concentrations in blanks (0.05 mg/kg). LODt (total-Ti) = 0.01 mg/kg; LODs (size) = 85 nm; LODn (number) = 0.8 × 10⁹/kg; LODc (calculated Ti in particles) = 0.005 mg/kg; ^acalculated Ti in particle, calculated according to Laborda et al. [21] and Peters et al. ^b if calculated with ½ LOD for samples below LOD, average total-Ti = 0.02 mg/kg;^cif calculated with ½ LOD for samples below LOD, average total-Ti = 0.07 mg/kg

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