Fig. 9

DNA damage studies using the Comet assay complemented with the FPG enzyme. Genotoxic damage observed after 24 (a) or 48 (b) h of exposure to TiO₂NPs (-S, −R and -W). Mean oxidative damage observed after 24 (c), and 48 (d) h of exposure to TiO₂NPs (-S, −R and -W). (*) denotes significant differences according to the one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01***P < 0.001). Results are represented as mean ± SEM