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Fig. 2 | Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Fig. 2

From: Neuroinflammation is induced by tongue-instilled ZnO nanoparticles via the Ca2+-dependent NF-κB and MAPK pathways

Fig. 2

Neuroinflammation is induced by ZnO NPs in the rat brain. (a) mRNA relative values of cytokines gene expressions in three groups. (b) The concentration of TNF-α and IL-1β were analyzed after 30 days tongue instillation with DW, ZnO NPs and 30 days gavage with ZnO NPs. TNF-α, IL-1β and NOS2 were significantly upregulated in the tongue instillation group compared to that in the other groups. Furthermore, significantly high levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the brain were detectived in ZnO tongue instillation groups. Results shown as means ± SD from three independent experiments, compare with control group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. (n = 6). Abbreviations: ZnO: zinc oxide nanoparticles; DW: distill water; SD: Standard deviation

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