Fig. 1

Exposure characterization, body weights, and anogenital distance. An example size distribution of the ultrafine carbon particles generated with the Palas spark generator (a). TEM images of ultrafine carbon particles collected via electrostatic precipitation on a carbon-coated copper grid (b). Offspring body weights (litter weight/number of pups) and AGD (normalized to body weight) in females (c, d) and males (e, f) at weaning (PND 26–27, n = 22–26 mice/sex/treatment group). Offspring body weight at adulthood (~PND 60) for females (g) and males (i). Data are presented as the average per litter data points with the group mean ± SD for each treatment group