Cytokine | Function | 6 h post-exposure | 24 h post-exposure | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neg_control pg/mL | 0.05 μg/cm2 pg/mL | 0.5 μg/cm2 pg/mL | 5 μg/cm2 pg/mL | Neg_control pg/mL | 0.05 μg/cm2 pg/mL | 0.5 μg/cm2 pg/mL | 5 μg/cm2 pg/mL | ||
IL-6 | Chemotactic and pro-inflammatory cytokine; supports the growth of B cells | 1.18 ± 0.10 | 6.22 ± 3.23 | 23.58 ± 1.71* | 27.98 ± 5.12* | 1.69 ± 0.26 | 1.76 ± 0.83 | 13.05 ± 2.46* | 34.03 ± 0.80* |
IL-8 | Chemotactic and pro-inflammatory cytokine | 738 ± 33 | 2216 ± 233* | 2599 ± 33* | 2621 ± 60* | 1423 ± 74 | 1482 ± 447 | 2590 ± 22* | 2675 ± 57 * |
TNF-α | Promotes the inflammation process by upregulation of other pro-inflammatory cytokines | 0.83 ± 0.17 | 3.59 ± 1.34 | 8.51 ± 1.56* | 11.57 ± 3.25* | 1.47 ± 0.12 | 1.74 ± 0.42 | 5.44 ± 1.22* | 10.70 ± 0.45* |
IL-1β | Mediator of the inflammatory response | 1.69 ± 0.07 | 3.03 ± 0.53* | 5.13 ± 0.27* | 5.43 ± 0.59* | 3.56 ± 0.22 | 1.95 ± 0.59* | 4.78 ± 0.71* | 7.07 ± 0.41* |
IL-2 | Key functions in the immune system, tolerance and immunity | 0.17 ± 0.10 | 0.62 ± 0.40* | 1.65 ± 0.55* | 1.53 ± 0.52* | 0.34 ± 0.17 | 0.21 ± 0.21 | 1.17 ± 0.65 | 2.52 ± 0.46* |
IL-4 | Key regulator in humoral and adaptive immunity | 0.006 ± 0.011 | 0.055 ± 0.012* | 0.153 ± 0.010* | 0.169 ± 0.042* | 0.006 ± 0.012 | 0.034 ± 0.021 | 0.135 ± 0.022* | 0.260 ± 0.024* |
IL-12p70 | Controls and stimulates the activities of natural killer cells | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.16* | 0.66 ± 0.11* | 0.92 ± 0.05* | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.14 ± 0.11 | 0.75 ± 0.15* | 1.40 ± 0.50* |
IL-13 | Key regulator in humoral and adaptive immunity proliferation | 5.24 ± 0.22 | 11.94 ± 1.02* | 17.16 ± 2.05* | 17.65 ± 0.76* | 8.94 ± 0.67 | 6.52 ± 2.08 | 13.55 ± 1.31* | 18.36 ± 2.01* |
IL-10 | Anti-inflammatory cytokine; downregulates the expression of Th1 cytokines | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 1.44 ± 1.17 | 2.41 ± 0.79* | 2.56 ± 0.47* | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.12 | 1.63 ± 0.59* | 2.57 ± 0.22* |
IFN-γ | Immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects | 0.13 ± 0.23 | 0.56 ± 0.59 | 3.12 ± 0.83* | 2.53 ± 1.52* | 0.28 ± 0.25 | 0.54 ± 0.59 | 2.24 ± 1.59 | 4.50 ± 0.90* |