Fig. 1

Maternal nano-TiO₂ inhalation exposure paradigm. a Real-time aerosol mass concentration measurements of engineered nano-TiO₂ during a typical maternal exposure with the target concentration indicated by the red line (12 mg/m³). b Aerodynamic diameter of nano-TiO₂ (CMD = 156 nm) measured by high resolution electric low-pressure impactor (ELPI+). c Diameter of nano-TiO₂ (CMD = 184 nm) measured by combining scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) measurements. Red line indicates log-normal fit. d Transmission and scanning electron micrographs of nano-TiO₂ aerosolized particles. e A timeline of the study. CMD = Count Median Diameter. All data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)