Fig. 2
Pulse Wave Doppler assessment of Sham vs. nano-TiO2 exposed dams and their offspring. a Maternal (n = 15 Sham, n = 11 Ex) Pulse Wave Doppler-Mitral Valve imaging illustrating changes in MV-A velocity. b Maternal (n = 15 Sham, n = 11 Ex) Pulse Wave Doppler-Mitral Valve imaging illustrating changes in MV Deceleration speed. c Maternal (n = 15 Sham, n = 11 Ex) Pulse Wave Doppler-Mitral Valve imaging illustrating changes in MV Deceleration time. d Maternal (n = 15 Sham, n = 11 Ex) Pulse Wave Doppler-Mitral Valve imaging illustrating changes in E/A ratio. e Pulse Wave Doppler-Flow indices revealed a change in umbilical EDV. f Representative micro-CT image illustrating fetal organ complexity at GD 15 and the umbilical vein (circled in red). g Ultrasound image showing uterine horn containing two fetal pups, a single fetal pup, and echocardiographic gating of the fetal with a representative M-mode measurement. h Pulse Wave Doppler-Mitral Valve of young adult (n = 7 Sham, n = 5 Ex) following maternal exposure indicating changes in MV Deceleration speed. i Pulse Wave Doppler-Mitral Valve of young adult (n = 7 Sham, n = 5 Ex) following maternal exposure indicating changes in MV Deceleration time. Sham = control filtered air exposed, Ex = nano-TiO2 exposed, Maternal (M) = 12-week-old pregnant dams, Fetal (F) = GD (15), Young Adult (YA) = 11 weeks, MV = Mitral Valve, EDV = End Diastolic Velocity, micro-CT = micro computed tomography. All data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * = P ≤ 0.05, ** = P ≤ 0.01, *** = P ≤ 0.001 for Ex vs. Sham