Fig. 3
Mitochondrial bioenergetics from fetal and young adult offspring following maternal nano-TiO2 inhalation exposure. a Seahorse analyses of cardiomyocytes at the fetal stage (n = 1 Sham (one fetal heart from each of 6 dams pooled), n = 1 Ex (one fetal heart from each of 5 dams pooled) plated as 5–6 replicates) indicating changes in ATP production and basal and maximal respiration. b Seahorse analysis of young adult (n = 7 Sham, n = 5 Ex) animals demonstrating a significant change in overall OCR. c ETC Complex Activities for complexes I, III, IV, V (ATP synthase) in fetal offspring (n = 6 Sham, n = 5 Ex). d ETC Complex Activities for complexes I, III, IV, V (ATP synthase) in young adult offspring (n = 7 Sham, n = 5 Ex). Sham = control filtered air exposed, Ex = nano-TiO2 exposed, Maternal (M) = 12-week-old pregnant dams, Fetal (F) = GD (15), Young Adult (YA) = 11 weeks, OCR = Oxygen Consumption Rate, ETC = Electron Transport Chain. Complex V is measured as nmol/min/mg of tissue. All data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * = P ≤ 0.05, ** = P ≤ 0.01, *** = P ≤ 0.001 for Ex vs. Sham