Fig. 5
Mitochondrial ultrastructure following maternal nano-TiO2 inhalation exposure. a Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of fetal cardiac tissue following Sham and nano-TiO2 maternal inhalation exposure. b Mitochondrial area, internal complexity (form factor), and roundness (0–1, where 1 = perfect spheroid) were assessed through TEM (n = 2 Sham, n = 2 Ex). c Mitochondrial size and (d) internal complexity were determined in young adult (n = 7 Sham, n = 5 Ex) animals through FSC and SSC gating, staining mitochondria with MitoTracker™ Deep Red FM/633. Sham = control filtered air exposed, Ex = nano-TiO2 exposed, Maternal (M) = 12-week old pregnant dams, Fetal (F) = GD (15), Young Adult (YA) = 11 weeks, FSC = Forward Scatter, SSC = Side Scatter. All data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * = P ≤ 0.05, ** = P ≤ 0.01, *** = P ≤ 0.001 for Ex vs. Sham