Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Table 1 M-Mode Echocardiography

From: ROS promote epigenetic remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in offspring following maternal engineered nanomaterial (ENM) exposure

	Maternal		Fetal		Young Adult
Parameter	Sham	Ex	Sham	Ex	Sham	Ex
Heart Rate (BPM)	672.05 ± 8.30	685.39 ± 7.01	134.28 ± 8.72	118.94 ± 3.40	649.49 ± 23.72	601.87 ± 65.46
Diameter;s (mm)	0.58 ± 0.05	0.59 ± 0.08	0.25 ± 0.02	0.24 ± 0.02	0.38 ± 0.05	0.73 ± 0.13*
Diameter;d (mm)	2.70 ± 0.08	2.43 ± 0.05*	0.71 ± 0.02	0.69 ± 0.03	1.95 ± 0.13	2.25 ± 0.15
Volume;s (uL)	0.64 ± 0.16	0.53 ± 0.16	0.05 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.06	0.58 ± 0.13**
Volume;d (uL)	27.60 ± 1.92	21.15 ± 1.13**	0.85 ± 0.08	0.79 ± 0.08	12.64 ± 2.21	14.50 ± 0.58
Stroke Volume (uL)	26.96 ± 1.83	20.43 ± 1.08*	0.80 ± 0.07	0.74 ± 0.07	12.46 ± 2.17	13.92 ± 0.48
Ejection Fraction (%)	97.84 ± 0.43	96.72 ± 0.99	95.16 ± 0.84	94.79 ± 0.67	98.84 ± 0.33	94.65 ± 1.53*
Fractional Shortening (%)	78.56 ± 1.67	75.89 ± 2.95	65.68 ± 2.31	65.62 ± 1.56	80.80 ± 1.89	68.38 ± 3.14**
Cardiac Output (mL/min)	18.17 ± 1.31	13.79 ± 0.67*	0.10 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.01*	8.30 ± 1.68	9.35 ± 0.34
LV Mass (mg)	88.03 ± 4.89	75.53 ± 8.13	0.42 ± 0.04	0.74 ± 0.13*	83.42 ± 7.13	79.05 ± 5.59

M-mode echocardiography imaging following maternal nano-TiO₂ inhalation exposure. Measurements were taken for a minimum of 3 consecutive systolic and diastolic peaks and troughs for maternal (n = 15 Sham, n = 11 Ex), fetal (n = 15 Sham, n = 11 Ex), and young adult (n = 7 Sham, n = 5 Ex). Sham = control filtered air exposed, Ex = nano-TiO₂ exposed, Maternal (M) = 12 week old pregnant dams, Fetal (F) = GD (15), Young Adult (YA) = 11 weeks, Diameter;d = diastolic diameter, Diameter;s = systolic diameter, LV Mass = left ventricular mass, V;d = volume during diastole, V;s = volume during systole. All data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * = P ≤ 0.05, ** = P ≤ 0.01 for Ex vs. Sham

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ISSN: 1743-8977

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