Table 8 Fetal skeletal examination results of TiO2 nanoparticles exposed pregnant females during the pregnancy
From: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles oral exposure to pregnant rats and its distribution
| Â | TiO2 nanoparticles (mg/kg) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 100 | 300 | 1000 | |
Fetal Skeletal Examination | ||||
 No. of litters examined | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
 No. of fetuses examined | 77 | 88 | 83 | 79 |
 Malformation | ||||
  No. of affected litters (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
  No. of affected fetuses (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
 Variation | ||||
  Ribs, Full thoracic supernumerary rib | ||||
   No. of affected litters (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (17) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
   No. of affected fetuses (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
  Ribs, Short thoracic supernumerary rib | ||||
   No. of affected litters (%) | 2 (17) | 4 (33) | 3 (25) | 2 (17) |
   No. of affected fetuses (%) | 5 (6) | 9 (10) | 4 (5) | 2 (2) |
  Skull, Large fontanelle | ||||
   No. of affected litters (%) | 3 (25) | 2 (17) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
   No. of affected fetuses (%) | 4 (5) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
  Thoracic centrum, Asymmetric ossification | ||||
   No. of affected litters (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) |
   No. of affected fetuses (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) |
  Thoracic centrum, Bipartite ossification | ||||
   No. of affected litters (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 2 (17) |
   No. of affected fetuses (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 3 (4) |
  Thoracic centrum, Dumbbell ossification | ||||
   No. of affected litters (%) | 2 (17) | 1 (8) | 0 (8) | 2 (17) |
   No. of affected fetuses (%) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) |
 No. of ossification centers | ||||
  Sternebra | 5.9 ± 0.18a | 5.9 ± 0.20 | 6.0 ± 0.08 | 5.8 ± 0.30 |
  Metacarpals in both forelimbs | 7.8 ± 0.38 | 8.0 ± 0.14 | 8.0 ± 0.12 | 7.9 ± 0.12 |
  1st phalanges in both forelimbs | 1.8 ± 1.39 | 2.7 ± 1.20 | 2.1 ± 1.12 | 2.6 ± 1.12 |
  Metatarsals in both hindlimbs | 8.0 ± 0.09 | 8.3 ± 0.38** | 8.0 ± 0.09 | 8.0 ± 0.03 |
  1st phalanges in both hindlimbs | 0.2 ± 0.58 | 0.1 ± 0.20 | 0.0 ± 0.06 | 0.0 ± 0.00 |
  Cervical vertebra | 1.3 ± 1.29 | 1.3 ± 1.00 | 1.4 ± 1.23 | 0.9 ± 0.86 |
  Sacral and caudal vertebra | 8.5 ± 0.45 | 8.7 ± 0.49 | 8.5 ± 0.50 | 8.5 ± 0.34 |