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Table 1 XRF evaluation of particle sizes and elemental co-localization in skin and lymph node tissues from human donors (corpses)

From: Distribution of nickel and chromium containing particles from tattoo needle wear in humans and its possible impact on allergic reactions

Sample

NP size range in nm

Co-localizations

Donor 1 skin

Fe-Cr-Ni particles (50–1000), Cu (100–700), Ti (100–500), Fe (150–300)

yes: Fe-Cr-Ni,

no: some Fe particles w/o Ni

Donor 1 LN

Fe-Cr-Ni particles (50–1000), Cu (100–1000), Ti (100–500)

yes: Fe-Cr-Ni

no: Cu, Fe, Ti

Donor 2 skin left

Fe-Cr-Ni particles (50–500), Cu (100–250), Ti (200–250)

yes: Fe-Cr-Ni

no: Cu, Fe, Ti

Donor 2 LN left

Fe-Cr-Ni particles (50–4000), Cu (100–250), Ti (200–250),

yes: Fe-Cr-Ni

no: Cu, Fe, Ti

Donor 2 skin right

Fe-Cr-Ni particles (50–1400), Cu (100–300), Ti (200–300)

yes: Fe-Cr-Ni

no: Cu, Fe, Ti

Donor 2 LN right

Fe-Cr-Ni particles (50–1500), Cu (100–300), Ti (200–300)

yes: Fe-Cr-Ni

no: Cu, Fe, Ti

Donor 3 skin red

Fe-Cr-Ni particles (50–350), Cu (100–300), Ti (200–300)

yes: Fe-Cr-Ni

no: Cu, Fe, Ti

Donor 3 skin green

Fe-Cr-Ni particles (100–650), Cu (100–800), Ti (200–400)

yes: Fe-Cr-Ni

no: Cu, Fe, Ti

Donor 3 LN

Fe-Cr-Ni particles (50–500), Cu (100–300), Ti (200–300)

yes: Fe-Cr-Ni

no: Cu, Fe, Ti

Allergy biopsy

Fe-Cr-Ni particles (50–300), Fe (300–450), Cu (100–1400), Ti (200–300)

yes: Fe-Cr-Ni

no: Cu, Fe, Ti

  1. Abbreviations: LN lymph node, NP nanoparticle, Fe iron, Cr chromium, Ni nickel, Ti titanium, Cu copper