Table 1 Effect of TiO₂ NPs on oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver tissue and inflammatory cytokines in serum of rats after oral exposure for 90 days

19.81 ± 4.60

21.20 ± 5.62

18.51 ± 3.80*

17.28 ± 3.48*

8.82 ± 1.27

9.69 ± 1.53

9.45 ± 1.31*

9.28 ± 2.13*

2.23 ± 0.23

2.18 ± 0.44

1.95 ± 0.22*

1.88 ± 0.23*

161.18 ± 11.43

192.84 ± 57.97

205.05 ± 40.47*

210.04 ± 82.34*

3.40 ± 2.21

3.02 ± 2.49

11.82 ± 17.49

43.80 ± 27.51*

10.56 ± 1.06

12.62 ± 4.76

13.64 ± 2.93*

14.84 ± 6.30

11.48 ± 2.34

10.35 ± 0.64

11.40 ± 1.23

13.41 ± 2.54*

1.35 ± 0.11

1.40 ± 0.18

1.42 ± 0.13

1.83 ± 1.38*

13.69 ± 1.57

13.43 ± 2.80

14.36 ± 2.30

13.51 ± 1.43*