|
(A)
|
|
In vitro responses to TiO2 exposure
|
|
Biological endpoint
|
HBE
|
Caco2
|
THP-1
|
|
17 nm
|
117 nm
|
17 nm
|
117 nm
|
17 nm
|
117 nm
|
|
Cell metabolic activity
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
|
Cell viability
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
|
DNA damage
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
|
GSH
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
|
TEER
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
|
IL-8
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
|
IL-6
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
|
TNF-α
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
|
IL-1β
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
|
(B)
|
|
In vivo responses to TiO2 exposure
| | |
|
Biological endpoint
|
Aspiration
|
Gavage
| | |
|
17 nm
|
117 nm
|
17 nm
|
117 nm
| | |
|
BAL cell number
|
No
|
No
|
n/a
|
n/a
| | |
|
BALF LDH
|
No
|
Yes
|
n/a
|
n/a
| | |
|
BALF proteins
|
No
|
No
|
n/a
|
n/a
| | |
|
BAL macrophages
|
No
|
No
|
n/a
|
n/a
| | |
|
BAL neutrophils
|
No
|
No
|
n/a
|
n/a
| | |
|
BAL lymphocytes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
n/a
|
n/a
| | |
|
Blood lymphocytes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
| | |
|
Blood monocytes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
| | |
|
Blood granulocytes
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
| | |
|
Lung Ti
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
n/a
|
n/a
| | |
|
Blood Ti
|
No
|
No
|
No
|
No
| | |
|
BAL DNA damage
|
No
|
No
|
n/a
|
n/a
| | |
|
Blood DNA damage
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
Yes
|
Yes
| | |
|
GSH lung
|
No
|
No
|
n/a
|
n/a
| | |
|
GSH liver
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
No
|
No
| | |
- “Yes” indicates p < 0.05 (One-way ANOVA) and a significant difference compared to control; “No” indicates p > 0.05; n/a-not available
