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Table 3 Summary of the in vitro (A) and in vivo (B) responses to TiO2 exposure

From: Agglomeration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles increases toxicological responses in vitro and in vivo

(A)

In vitro responses to TiO2 exposure

Biological endpoint

HBE

Caco2

THP-1

17 nm

117 nm

17 nm

117 nm

17 nm

117 nm

Cell metabolic activity

No

No

No

No

No

No

Cell viability

No

No

No

No

No

No

DNA damage

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GSH

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

TEER

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

n/a

n/a

IL-8

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

IL-6

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

TNF-α

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

IL-1β

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

(B)

In vivo responses to TiO2 exposure

  

Biological endpoint

Aspiration

Gavage

  

17 nm

117 nm

17 nm

117 nm

  

BAL cell number

No

No

n/a

n/a

  

BALF LDH

No

Yes

n/a

n/a

  

BALF proteins

No

No

n/a

n/a

  

BAL macrophages

No

No

n/a

n/a

  

BAL neutrophils

No

No

n/a

n/a

  

BAL lymphocytes

Yes

Yes

n/a

n/a

  

Blood lymphocytes

No

No

No

No

  

Blood monocytes

No

No

No

No

  

Blood granulocytes

No

No

No

No

  

Lung Ti

Yes

Yes

n/a

n/a

  

Blood Ti

No

No

No

No

  

BAL DNA damage

No

No

n/a

n/a

  

Blood DNA damage

n/a

n/a

Yes

Yes

  

GSH lung

No

No

n/a

n/a

  

GSH liver

n/a

n/a

No

No

  
  1. “Yes” indicates p < 0.05 (One-way ANOVA) and a significant difference compared to control; “No” indicates p > 0.05; n/a-not available