|
TiO2 (6-48 h)
|
↗ oxidative stress (ROS) [121,122,123,124,125]
|
↗ DC, μɸ, lymphocytes [121, 122, 126]
|
Innate inflammatory response [122, 126,127,128]
|
|
↗ expression of TLR (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR10) [126, 128]
|
↗ naïve T cells [122]
|
Cytotoxicity and inflammation [122, 123, 125, 129]
|
|
↗ pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL1-β) [121,122,123, 127, 130,131,132]
|
↗ mature DC [122, 131, 132]
|
Adjuvant [121, 130,131,132]
|
|
↗ chemokines secretion (IL-8 and CXCL1) ↙ activity (IL-8) [122, 133]
|
↗ mast cell activation [134]
|
Allergic response [134, 135]
|
|
↗ co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) [122, 123, 131, 132]
|
↙ neutrophil and μɸ mobility [133]
|
Tissue damage [124, 133]
|
|
↗ MPO, MMP-9 and NET [124, 136]
|
↗ neutrophil activity [124, 136]
|
NETosis: inflammation, necrosis and apoptosis [124]
|
|
↗ β-hexosaminidase release [134]
| | |
|
inflammasome activation [123]
| | |
|
activation of NFkB pathway [128, 131]
| | |
|
SiO2 (6-48 h)
|
↗ apoptose [123, 125, 137, 138]
|
↙ DC and lymphocytes [123, 137, 138]
|
Imbalance of immune response [125, 126, 137,138,139,140]
|
|
↗ pro inflammatory cytokines (IL1-β, IL-2, TNF-α) [121, 123, 126, 138, 139, 141]
|
↗ DC maturation [123, 139]
|
Immunogenic or adjuvant potential [121, 123, 126, 140, 141]
|
|
↗ CD80, CD86 and MHCII [123, 138, 139]
|
↗ M1 μɸ polarization [126, 140]
|
Inflammation [121, 123, 125, 126, 137,138,139,140,141]
|
|
↙ TLR9 expression [126]
|
↗ neutrophil activity [142]
|
↗ Susceptibility IBD [123, 126, 140], autoimmune diseases [139, 140]
|
|
↗ oxidative stress (ROS) [125]
|
↗ cross-presentation [141]
|
NETosis: inflammation, necrosis and apoptosis [142]
|
|
inflammasome activation [123]
| |
Cytotoxic effect [121, 123, 125, 137, 138, 140]
|
|
NFkB activation [138]
| |
Susceptibility to infection [126]
|
|
↗ DNA release – NET [142]
| |
Allergic response [135]
|
|
ZnO (6-48 h)
|
↗ pro inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-ɣ) [125, 130, 143, 144]
|
↗ DC activity [130, 145]
|
Cytotoxicity and inflammation [125, 129, 130, 134, 143, 146]
|
|
↗ chemokines secretion (IL-8, CXCL9) [130, 144]
|
↙ Lymphocytes [146]
|
Imbalance of immune response [125, 129, 130, 143, 144]
|
|
↗ oxidative stress (ROS) [125, 145]
|
↗ neutrophil functions [136]
|
Chronic pathologies [143]
|
|
induces neo-synthesis of polypeptides [144]
|
↙ mast cell activation [134]
|
Allergenic response [134, 135]
|
|
↙ or ↗ apoptose [125, 129, 130, 144]
|
↗ eosinophils [144]
|
Protective effect [134, 144]
|
|
↗ DNA damage [125, 129, 146]
| |
Genomic instability [146]
|
|
↙ β-hexosaminidase and histamine release [134]
| |
Cell cycle imbalanced [125]
|
|
Ag (6-48 h)
|
↗ oxidative stress (ROS) [147,148,149]
|
↙ μɸ, lymphocyte [147,148,149]
|
Apoptosis and cytotoxicity [147,148,149]
|
|
↗ DNA damage [148]
|
↗ mast cell activation [135, 150, 151]
|
Inflammation/imbalance of immune response [147,148,149]
|
|
↗ pro inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) [147, 149]
| |
Allergic response [135, 150, 151]
|
|
inflammasome activation [147]
| | |
|
↗ β-hexosaminidase release [135, 150, 151]
| | |
