Table 5 Microbiota alteration observed in IBD, CRC and obesity compared to those induced after NP ingestion

Actinobacteria

↗[183,184,185]

↗[186]

↗[187]

↗TiO₂ [104]

Acidimicrobidae ellin 7143

↗[184]

Actinobacterium GWS-BW-H99

↗[184]

Actinomycinaeae (o)

↗[184]

Actinomyces (g)

↗[188]

Actinomyces oxydans

↗[184]

Bifidobacteriales (o)

↗[186]

Bifidobacterium (g)

↙[189]

↙[190, 191]

↙[192, 193]

↙Ag [105]

Bifidobacterium adolescentis

↙[194, 195]

Corynebacteriaceae (f)

↗[184]

↗[196]

Nocardioides NS/27

↗[184]

Bacteroidetes

↙[183, 184, 188]

↙[17, 197]

↙[173, 187, 198,199,200]

↙Ag, TiO₂, SiO₂, ZnO [104, 107,108,109]; ↗Ag, ZnO [105, 107, 110]

Bacteroides (g)

↙[183, 194]

↙[17, 186, 197, 201]

↗[202, 203]

↙Ag, TiO₂, SiO₂ [107, 108]; ↗Ag, ZnO [105, 110]

Bacteroides ovatus

↙[204, 205]

↙[206]

↙Ag, TiO₂ [112, 113]

Bacteroides uniformis

↙[183]

↙[186]

↙[206]

↙Ag [106]

Prevotellaceae (f)

↗[196, 207]

↙ZnO [109]

Prevotella

↙[183]

↙[201]

↗[207, 208]

↙TiO₂, ZnO [104, 109]; ↗Ag, SiO₂ [107]

Rikenellaceae (f)

↙[209]

↙[200, 207]

↙ZnO [110]; ↗Ag [108]

Alistipes (g)

↙[184, 185, 188]

↗[210]

↙[193, 206]

↙ZnO [110]; ↗Ag, SiO₂ [107]

Firmicutes

↙[92, 184, 211, 212]

↙[197]

↗[173, 199, 200]

↙Ag, TiO₂, ZnO [104, 105, 107, 109, 110]; ↗Ag, SiO₂, ZnO [107,108,109]

Erysipelotrichaceae (f)

↙[194]

↗[17, 190]

↗[196]

↙TiO₂ [104]

Turicibacter (g)

↙[183]

↙TiO₂ [104]

Lachnospiraceae (f)

↙[194, 209]

↙[197, 201]

↙[207]

↙Ag [107]; ↗Ag, SiO₂ [104, 107]

Blautia (g)

↙[209]

↙[17]

↙[207]

↗Ag [108]

Blautia faecis

↙[183]

Coprococcus (g)

↙[209]

↙[193, 207]

↗Ag [108]

Roseburia (g)

↙[185, 209]

↙[186, 210]

↙[207]

Roseburia intestinalis

↙[183, 194]

↗[206, 213]

↙Ag [112]

Roseburia inulinivorans

↙[183]

Clostridium XIVa and IV groups

↙[92, 184]

↗[206]

Clostridium lavalense

↙[183]

Dialister invisus

↙[195]

Enterococcus (g)

↗[186]

Eubacterium (g)

↙[186]

↙[207]

Eubacterium rectale

↙[194, 211]

↗[213]

↙Ag [112]; ↗TiO₂ [113]

Eubacterium ventriosum

↙[183]

↗[198, 213]

↗TiO₂ [113]

Faecalibacterium (g)

↙[185, 209]

↙[17, 190, 197, 210]

↙[193]

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

↙[92, 183, 194, 211]

↙[191, 210]

↙[206, 214]

↙Ag [112]

Lactobacillus (sp)

↙[183]

↙[191, 215]

↙[193, 216]

↙Ag, TiO₂, SiO₂, ZnO [104, 105, 107, 109,110,111]; ↗Ag, ZnO [108, 109]

Oscillospira (g)

↙[207, 213]

↙Ag, ZnO [106, 109]

Ruminococcus gnavus

↗[195, 209, 217]

Ruminococcus torques

↙[183, 194]

↙Ag [112]

Streptococcus (g)

↗[186, 218]

↗ZnO [109]

Proteobacteria

↗[184, 185]

↗[186]

↗[200, 206, 216]

↗TiO₂, SiO₂, ZnO [104, 107, 109]; ↙ZnO [111]

Enterobacteriaceae (f)

↗[209, 219]

↗[191, 218]

↗[207]

↗Ag [105]

Escherichia coli

↗[194, 211, 220,221,222]

↗[186, 210]

↗ Ag, TiO₂ [104, 112]

Shigella (sp)

↗[185, 211]

↗[186, 210]

↗ TiO₂ [104]

Sutterella (g)

↗[216]

Listeria (sp)

↗[211]