Table 4 Serum biochemistry from repeated-dose 90-day and recovery studies, mean ± SD (number of animals)
From: Oral toxicity of titanium dioxide P25 at repeated dose 28-day and 90-day in rats
Summary of serum biochemical tests from the repeated dose 90-day study | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex: Male | ||||||||||||||||
Test item | Group(mg/kg/day) | |||||||||||||||
G1(0) | G2(250) | G3(500) | G4(1000) | |||||||||||||
AST1(IU/L) | 124 | ± | 61 | (10) | 135 | ± | 73 | (10) | 100 | ± | 27 | (10) | 97 | ± | 17 | (10) |
ALT2(IU/L) | 38 | ± | 14 | (10) | 50 | ± | 51 | (10) | 30 | ± | 3 | (10) | 31 | ± | 7 | (10) |
ALP3(IU/L) | 209 | ± | 39 | (10) | 219 | ± | 68 | (10) | 217 | ± | 50 | (10) | 186 | ± | 40 | (10) |
BA4(μmol/L) | 14.1 | ± | 6.5 | (10) | 20.8 | ± | 16 | (10) | 13.7 | ± | 4.2 | (10) | 12.8 | ± | 4.6 | (10) |
BIL5(mg/dL) | 0.04 | ± | 0.02 | (10) | 0.04 | ± | 0.02 | (10) | 0.04 | ± | 0.01 | (10) | 0.04 | ± | 0.02 | (10) |
BUN6(mg/dL) | 14.5 | ± | 2.7 | (10) | 15.4 | ± | 2 | (10) | 15.7 | ± | 1.8 | (10) | 13.9 | ± | 1.5 | (10) |
CRE7(mg/dL) | 0.45 | ± | 0.05 | (10) | 0.45 | ± | 0.03 | (10) | 0.45 | ± | 0.05 | (10) | 0.46 | ± | 0.04 | (10) |
UA8(mg/dL) | 1 | ± | 0.1 | (10) | 1 | ± | 0.2 | (10) | 1 | ± | 0.2 | (10) | 0.9 | ± | 0.1 | (10) |
GLU9(mg/dL) | 181 | ± | 19 | (10) | 178 | ± | 28 | (10) | 188 | ± | 47 | (10) | 184 | ± | 33 | (10) |
CHO10(mg/dL) | 84 | ± | 17 | (10) | 93 | ± | 18 | (10) | 87 | ± | 20 | (10) | 91 | ± | 16 | (10) |
TG11(mg/dL) | 73 | ± | 39 | (10) | 72 | ± | 33 | (10) | 75 | ± | 30 | (10) | 72 | ± | 32 | (10) |
PRO12(g/dL) | 6.3 | ± | 0.2 | (10) | 6.4 | ± | 0.2 | (10) | 6.2 | ± | 0.2 | (10) | 6.3 | ± | 0.3 | (10) |
ALB13(g/dL) | 2.4 | ± | 0.1 | (10) | 2.4 | ± | 0.1 | (10) | 2.4 | ± | 0.2 | (10) | 2.5 | ± | 0.1 | (10) |
A/Gratio14 | 0.61 | ± | 0.04 | (10) | 0.6 | ± | 0.04 | (10) | 0.62 | ± | 0.08 | (10) | 0.64 | ± | 0.05 | (10) |
LDH15(IU/L) | 840 | ± | 886 | (10) | 1037 | ± | 736 | (10) | 826 | ± | 551 | (10) | 742 | ± | 448 | (10) |
CPK16(U/L) | 396 | ± | 326 | (10) | 466 | ± | 287 | (10) | 397 | ± | 197 | (10) | 369 | ± | 182 | (10) |
ChE17(U/L) | 199 | ± | 51 | (10) | 181 | ± | 27 | (10) | 168 | ± | 54 | (10) | 203 | ± | 87 | (10) |
Ca18(mg/dL) | 9.1 | ± | 0.3 | (10) | 9.4 | ± | 0.5 | (10) | 9.1 | ± | 0.4 | (10) | 9.1 | ± | 0.3 | (10) |
IP19(mg/dL) | 6.6 | ± | 0.5 | (10) | 6.7 | ± | 0.6 | (10) | 6.8 | ± | 0.5 | (10) | 6.8 | ± | 0.4 | (10) |
Mg20(mg/dL) | 2 | ± | 0.1 | (10) | 2.1 | ± | 0.2 | (10) | 2.1 | ± | 0.1 | (10) | 2 | ± | 0.1 | (10) |
Na21(mmol/L) | 137 | ± | 5 | (10) | 138 | ± | 3 | (10) | 138 | ± | 6 | (10) | 137 | ± | 4 | (10) |
K22(mmol/L) | 4.5 | ± | 0.3 | (10) | 4.7 | ± | 0.3 | (10) | 4.5 | ± | 0.3 | (10) | 4.6 | ± | 0.3 | (10) |
Cl23(mmol/L) | 107 | ± | 3 | (10) | 107 | ± | 2 | (10) | 105 | ± | 5 | (10) | 110 | ± | 5 | (10) |
Sex: Female | ||||||||||||||||
Test item | Group(mg/kg/day) | |||||||||||||||
G1(0) | G2(250) | G3(500) | G4(1000) | |||||||||||||
AST1(IU/L) | 121 | ± | 38 | (10) | 91 | ± | 16 | (10) | 127 | ± | 57 | (10) | 108 | ± | 27 | (10) |
ALT2(IU/L) | 35 | ± | 15 | (10) | 26 | ± | 3 | (10) | 36 | ± | 18 | (10) | 43 | ± | 22 | (10) |
ALP3(IU/L) | 118 | ± | 27 | (10) | 98 | ± | 22 | (10) | 88 | ± | 15 | (10) | 105 | ± | 35 | (10) |
BA4(μmol/L) | 22.9 | ± | 13.8 | (10) | 13.9 | ± | 6.8 | (10) | 16.2 | ± | 6.9 | (10) | 17.8 | ± | 7.7 | (10) |
BIL5(mg/dL) | 0.09 | ± | 0.02 | (10) | 0.09 | ± | 0.02 | (10) | 0.11 | ± | 0.02 | (10) | 0.1 | ± | 0.03 | (10) |
BUN6(mg/dL) | 17.8 | ± | 1.3 | (10) | 16.3 | ± | 1.6 | (10) | 16.3 | ± | 2.8 | (10) | 15.0* | ± | 2 | (10) |
CRE7(mg/dL) | 0.52 | ± | 0.04 | (10) | 0.56 | ± | 0.06 | (10) | 0.55 | ± | 0.05 | (10) | 0.54 | ± | 0.04 | (10) |
UA8(mg/dL) | 1 | ± | 0.2 | (10) | 0.9 | ± | 0.2 | (10) | 0.9 | ± | 0.2 | (10) | 0.9 | ± | 0.2 | (10) |
GLU9(mg/dL) | 133 | ± | 10 | (10) | 143 | ± | 20 | (10) | 144 | ± | 16 | (10) | 142 | ± | 22 | (10) |
CHO10(mg/dL) | 82 | ± | 17 | (10) | 98 | ± | 19 | (10) | 101 | ± | 28 | (10) | 90 | ± | 23 | (10) |
TG11(mg/dL) | 42 | ± | 13 | (10) | 32 | ± | 5 | (10) | 44 | ± | 25 | (10) | 42 | ± | 27 | (10) |
PRO12(g/dL) | 6.7 | ± | 0.4 | (10) | 7 | ± | 0.5 | (10) | 7 | ± | 0.5 | (10) | 6.8 | ± | 0.4 | (10) |
ALB13(g/dL) | 2.8 | ± | 0.2 | (10) | 3 | ± | 0.4 | (10) | 3 | ± | 0.3 | (10) | 2.9 | ± | 0.3 | (10) |
A/Gratio14 | 0.73 | ± | 0.03 | (10) | 0.74 | ± | 0.07 | (10) | 0.75 | ± | 0.08 | (10) | 0.75 | ± | 0.06 | (10) |
LDH15(IU/L) | 845 | ± | 321 | (10) | 703 | ± | 370 | (10) | 787 | ± | 456 | (10) | 813 | ± | 465 | (10) |
CPK16(U/L) | 459 | ± | 181 | (10) | 351 | ± | 172 | (10) | 402 | ± | 232 | (10) | 430 | ± | 249 | (10) |
ChE17(U/L) | 1381 | ± | 360 | (10) | 1438 | ± | 188 | (10) | 1315 | ± | 226 | (10) | 1285 | ± | 174 | (10) |
Ca18(mg/dL) | 9.8 | ± | 0.4 | (10) | 10 | ± | 0.4 | (10) | 10 | ± | 0.4 | (10) | 9.8 | ± | 0.5 | (10) |
IP19(mg/dL) | 6.1 | ± | 0.5 | (10) | 6 | ± | 1.2 | (10) | 5.7 | ± | 0.4 | (10) | 5.9 | ± | 0.5 | (10) |
Mg20(mg/dL) | 2.1 | ± | 0.1 | (10) | 2.2 | ± | 0.1 | (10) | 2.1 | ± | 0.1 | (10) | 2.2 | ± | 0.1 | (10) |
Na21(mmol/L) | 142 | ± | 7 | (10) | 139 | ± | 4 | (10) | 139 | ± | 4 | (10) | 142 | ± | 5 | (10) |
K22(mmol/L) | 4.6 | ± | 0.3 | (10) | 4.4 | ± | 0.5 | (10) | 4.2 | ± | 0.3 | (10) | 4.4 | ± | 0.3 | (10) |
Cl23(mmol/L) | 100 | ± | 5 | (10) | 102 | ± | 2 | (10) | 102 | ± | 2 | (10) | 103 | ± | 5 | (10) |
Summary of serum biochemical tests from the recovery study | ||||||||||||||||
Sex: Male | Sex: Female | |||||||||||||||
Test item | Group(mg/kg/day) | Group(mg/kg/day) | ||||||||||||||
G1(0) | G4(1000) | G1(0) | G4(1000) | |||||||||||||
AST1(IU/L) | 126 | ± | 42 | (5) | 133 | ± | 21 | (5) | 135 | ± | 36 | (5) | 143 | ± | 56 | (5) |
ALT2(IU/L) | 51 | ± | 31 | (5) | 42 | ± | 10 | (5) | 30 | ± | 8 | (5) | 35 | ± | 15 | (5) |
ALP3(IU/L) | 184 | ± | 43 | (5) | 183 | ± | 20 | (5) | 80 | ± | 17 | (5) | 75 | ± | 25 | (5) |
BA4(μmol/L) | 18.4 | ± | 11.4 | (5) | 23.3 | ± | 7.8 | (5) | 22.7 | ± | 13.8 | (5) | 23.4 | ± | 22 | (5) |
BIL5(mg/dL) | 0.08 | ± | 0.04 | (5) | 0.06 | ± | 0.02 | (5) | 0.08 | ± | 0.01 | (5) | 0.11 | ± | 0.02 | (5) |
BUN6(mg/dL) | 15.2 | ± | 1.9 | (5) | 15 | ± | 1 | (5) | 16.9 | ± | 2.6 | (5) | 18.3 | ± | 2.8 | (5) |
CRE7(mg/dL) | 0.49 | ± | 0.04 | (5) | 0.49 | ± | 0.03 | (5) | 0.5 | ± | 0.07 | (5) | 0.51 | ± | 0.03 | (5) |
UA8(mg/dL) | 1 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 0.9 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 0.7 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 0.7 | ± | 0.2 | (5) |
GLU9(mg/dL) | 186 | ± | 35 | (5) | 179 | ± | 35 | (5) | 128 | ± | 15 | (5) | 140 | ± | 10 | (5) |
CHO10(mg/dL) | 60 | ± | 17 | (5) | 77 | ± | 25 | (5) | 98 | ± | 15 | (5) | 105 | ± | 13 | (5) |
TG11(mg/dL) | 66 | ± | 29 | (5) | 61 | ± | 27 | (5) | 47 | ± | 14 | (5) | 51 | ± | 16 | (5) |
PRO12(g/dL) | 6.3 | ± | 0.3 | (5) | 6.2 | ± | 0.3 | (5) | 6.8 | ± | 0.5 | (5) | 7 | ± | 0.4 | (5) |
ALB13(g/dL) | 2.5 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 2.4 | ± | 0.1 | (5) | 3 | ± | 0.3 | (5) | 3.1 | ± | 0.2 | (5) |
A/Gratio14 | 0.66 | ± | 0.05 | (5) | 0.62 | ± | 0.02 | (5) | 0.81 | ± | 0.05 | (5) | 0.81 | ± | 0.04 | (5) |
LDH15(IU/L) | 897 | ± | 524 | (5) | 803 | ± | 391 | (5) | 1148 | ± | 575 | (5) | 851 | ± | 385 | (5) |
CPK16(U/L) | 344 | ± | 164 | (5) | 360 | ± | 180 | (5) | 561 | ± | 261 | (5) | 387 | ± | 169 | (5) |
ChE17(U/L) | 188 | ± | 42 | (5) | 204 | ± | 38 | (5) | 1678 | ± | 482 | (5) | 1363 | ± | 373 | (5) |
Ca18(mg/dL) | 9.5 | ± | 0.6 | (5) | 9.3 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 9.8 | ± | 0.4 | (5) | 9.7 | ± | 0.3 | (5) |
IP19(mg/dL) | 6.2 | ± | 0.9 | (5) | 6.5 | ± | 1 | (5) | 6.8 | ± | 1 | (5) | 7.2 | ± | 1.2 | (5) |
Mg20(mg/dL) | 2.2 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 2.1 | ± | 0 | (5) | 2.2 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 2.4 | ± | 0.3 | (5) |
Na21(mmol/L) | 144 | ± | 3 | (5) | 140* | ± | 2 | (5) | 139 | ± | 1 | (5) | 139 | ± | 1 | (5) |
K22(mmol/L) | 4.8 | ± | 0.4 | (5) | 4.8 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 4.3 | ± | 0.2 | (5) | 4.3 | ± | 0.2 | (5) |
Cl23(mmol/L) | 106 | ± | 2 | (5) | 104 | ± | 1 | (5) | 103 | ± | 2 | (5) | 101 | ± | 3 | (5) |