Fig. 3

CR led to attenuation of PM-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammatory response in mouse lung. Representative images and quantitation of DHE (magnification, 200×) (a), γH2AX staining (b), F4/80 staining (c) (magnification, 400× & 1000×). n = 10 per group. The contents of MDA (d) and GSH (e) in mouse lung tissue and BALF, respectively. n = 10 per group. The number of macrophages (f) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) (g) in BALF. n = 10 per group. h The M1 and M2 macrophage polarization in cells isolated from BALF. n = 5 per group. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD, ^*P < 0.05 (AF vs. PM), ^&P < 0.05 (CR-AF vs. AL-AF), ^#P < 0.05 (CR-PM vs. AL-PM). i The heatmap illustrates the relative levels of cytokines examined in BALF, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL1-β, IL-12p70, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β1. The detailed information of the cytokine levels was shown in Fig. S8. The z-score transformation was utilized to calculate the relative level of cytokines according the following equation: Z= \( \frac{X-\overline{X}}{SD} \) (\( \overline{X} \) is the mean value, SD is standard deviation). n = 5 per group