Fig. 10
Mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction caused by A-GQDs was milder than N-GQDs. Representative fluorescent images of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production (a) and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (b) in BV2 cells treated with 100 μg/mL N-GQDs and 100 μg/mL A-GQDs for 24 h. Nuclei are stained by DAPI (blue). mtROS are detected by MitoSOX (red). Oxidative lipid are detected by LiperFluo (green). Mitochondria are marked by MitoTracker (green) and MitoTracker (red), respectively. Merging of the red and green color results in a yellow signal. Scale bars: 20 μm; c Representative flow cytometer dot plots of The mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψmt) in BV2 cells treated with 100 μg/mL N-GQDs and 100 μg/mL A-GQDs for 24 h were identified by using JC-1; d Quantitative results of red fluorescence positive cells from flow cytometer analysis. Data are expressed as the mean ± SE of three independent experiments, performed in triplicate. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s t test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. the control group)