Fig. 2

Low concentrations of FCCP induce NLRP3 activation. a Mitochondrial membrane potential measurement using JC-1 staining in 16HBE cells treated with FCCP (500 nM) at indicated time points. b Western blot analysis of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β of cell lysate or supernatants from 16HBE cells treated with FCCP (500 nM) for times indicated. c Representative confocal images showing co-localization of NLRP3 (green) and ASC (red) in 16HBE cells treated with FCCP (500 nM) for 30 min. d Mitochondrial ROS measurement in 16HBE cells treated with indicated concentrations of FCCP for 30 min or with ATP (15 min, 1 mM). e Mitochondrial membrane potential measurement using JC-1 staining in 16HBE cells treated with aluminum particles (25 μg/ml) for indicated times, or with FCCP (10 min, 10 μM). Bars show means ± SD. All experiments were performed at least in triplicate. ***p < 0.001 compared to untreated cells as determined by ANOVA