From: Nanomaterial-mediated autophagy: coexisting hazard and health benefits in biomedicine
NPs | Size (nm) | Coating | Cell line | Dose(ug/mL) | Uptake | Autophagy alteration | Biological effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fullerenol | 2 | bare | porcine renal proximal cells | 0.1, 1, 10 nM | – | induction of autophagy autolysosome accumulation, LC3 ↑ | mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP depletion, oxidative stress, cytoskeleton disruption, cell death | [24] |
SiNPs | ∼58.4 ± 7.4 | bare | HepG2 cells | 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 | endocytose | induction of autophagy and blockade of autophagic flux autophagosome accumulation, LC3 ↑, P62 ↑ | impaired the lysosomal function | [29] |
GO | 500–800 | bare | PC12 cells | 40,50,60 | internalization | blockage of the autophagic flux, p62 ↑ | Impairment of lysosomal degradation Apoptosis | [31] |
CdTe-QDs | 15 | bare | HEK cells | 15, 30, 60 nM | endocytosis | induction of autophagy, LC3 ↑ | ER autophagy, unfolded protein response | [88] |
Fe3O4 NPs | 15 ~ 20 | bare | MCF-7 cells | 100 | endocytosis | induction of autophagy autophagosome accumulation | impair the function of the lysosome, mitochondrial damage, ER and Golgi stress | [89] |
GO-Ag NPs | 15 | bare | SH-SY5Y cells | 5 | – | induction of autophagy autophagosomes accumulation | mitichondrial dysfunction, ROS, DNA fragmentation, apoptosis | [137] |
TiO2 NPs | 15,50,100 | bare | HeLa cells | 10,50,100,500 | internalization | blockage of the autophagic flux, LC3 ↑ | lysosomal membrane permeabilization, α-synuclein accumulation | [139] |
GQDs | 3.28 ± 1.16 | barre | GC-2 cells TM-4 cells | 100 | – | blockade of autophagic flux autophagosome accumulation p62 ↑ | decreased the amount and enzymatic activity of cathepsin B, and inhibited lysosome proteolytic capacity | [142] |
AuNPs | 10, 25, 50 | bare | NRK cells | 1 nM | endocytosis | blockade of autophagic flux autophagosome accumulation, LC3 ↑, p62 ↑ | Impairment of lysosome degradation capacity, Lysosome alkalinization | [146] |
HA/β-Ga2O3:Cr3+ NPs | – | bare | SH-SY5Y cells | 1,5, 25, 50 | – | induction of autophagy, LC3 ↑, SQSTM/p62 ↑ | ROS, calpain activation and neuronal damage | [150] |
GCNs | outer diameter of 79 ± 6.6, inner diameter of 7 ± 0.8 | bare | A549 cells | 1, 10, 25, 50, 100 | endocytosis | blockage of autophagic flux autolysosome accumulation | ROS, cytoskeleton disruption, apoptosis | [151] |
SeNPs | 80.0 ± 12.3 nm | bare | HCT 116 cells | 2,5,10 μM | endocytosis | induction of autophagy, Beclin 1 ↑ | cell cycle arrest, apoptosis | [154] |
TiO2 NPs | 22.07 ± 8.93 | bare | BEAS-2B cells | 6.25, 12.5, 25 | internalization | induction of autophagy accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, LC3 ↑ | overexpressed miR34a, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death | [158] |
PU NPs | 64.3 ± 0.8 | Carboxyl | macrophage cells | 10,50 | internalization | Induction of autophagy | Inhibition of inflammation and immune supression | [159] |
SPIONs | 60–80 | bare | Raw264.7 cells BMDMs | 10,20,50,100 | endocytosis | Induction of autophagy autophagosomes accumulation, LC3 ↑, ATG5 ↑ | Inflammatory responses | [160] |
GO | MGO:1089.9 ± 135.3 SGO: 390.2 ± 51.4 NGO:65.5 ± 16.3 GQDs:5 | bare | HUVECs | 1,5,10,25 | internalization | induction of autophagy, LC3 ↑ p62 ↓ | Apoptosis, Apoptotic cell death, ER stress | [161] |
127 ± 4.7 | PEG. | MCF7 cells MDA-MB-231 cells | 4 | – | inhibition of autophagy, LC3 ↓ | apoptosis, suppressed Stathmin1 protein, decreases the microtubule instability, cancer cell death | [162] |