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Table 2 In vitro toxicological studies of NPs mediated autophagy

From: Nanomaterial-mediated autophagy: coexisting hazard and health benefits in biomedicine

NPs

Size (nm)

Coating

Cell line

Dose(ug/mL)

Uptake

Autophagy alteration

Biological effects

References

Fullerenol

2

bare

porcine renal proximal cells

0.1, 1, 10 nM

–

induction of autophagy

autolysosome accumulation, LC3 ↑

mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP depletion, oxidative stress, cytoskeleton disruption, cell death

[24]

SiNPs

∼58.4 ± 7.4

bare

HepG2 cells

6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100

endocytose

induction of autophagy and blockade of autophagic flux

autophagosome accumulation, LC3 ↑, P62 ↑

impaired the lysosomal function

[29]

GO

500–800

bare

PC12 cells

40,50,60

internalization

blockage of the autophagic flux, p62 ↑

Impairment of lysosomal degradation Apoptosis

[31]

CdTe-QDs

15

bare

HEK cells

15, 30, 60 nM

endocytosis

induction of autophagy, LC3 ↑

ER autophagy, unfolded protein response

[88]

Fe3O4 NPs

15 ~ 20

bare

MCF-7 cells

100

endocytosis

induction of autophagy autophagosome accumulation

impair the function of the lysosome, mitochondrial damage, ER and Golgi stress

[89]

GO-Ag NPs

15

bare

SH-SY5Y cells

5

–

induction of autophagy autophagosomes accumulation

mitichondrial dysfunction, ROS, DNA fragmentation, apoptosis

[137]

TiO2 NPs

15,50,100

bare

HeLa cells

10,50,100,500

internalization

blockage of the autophagic flux, LC3 ↑

lysosomal membrane permeabilization,

α-synuclein accumulation

[139]

GQDs

3.28 ± 1.16

barre

GC-2 cells

TM-4 cells

100

–

blockade of autophagic flux autophagosome accumulation p62 ↑

decreased the amount and enzymatic activity of cathepsin B, and inhibited lysosome proteolytic capacity

[142]

AuNPs

10, 25, 50

bare

NRK cells

1 nM

endocytosis

blockade of autophagic flux

autophagosome accumulation, LC3 ↑, p62 ↑

Impairment of lysosome degradation capacity, Lysosome alkalinization

[146]

HA/β-Ga2O3:Cr3+ NPs

–

bare

SH-SY5Y cells

1,5, 25, 50

–

induction of autophagy,

LC3 ↑, SQSTM/p62 ↑

ROS, calpain activation and neuronal damage

[150]

GCNs

outer diameter of 79 ± 6.6, inner diameter of 7 ± 0.8

bare

A549 cells

1, 10, 25, 50, 100

endocytosis

blockage of autophagic flux

autolysosome accumulation

ROS, cytoskeleton disruption, apoptosis

[151]

SeNPs

80.0 ± 12.3 nm

bare

HCT 116 cells

2,5,10 μM

endocytosis

induction of autophagy,

Beclin 1 ↑

cell cycle arrest, apoptosis

[154]

TiO2 NPs

22.07 ± 8.93

bare

BEAS-2B cells

6.25, 12.5, 25

internalization

induction of autophagy accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, LC3 ↑

overexpressed miR34a, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death

[158]

PU NPs

64.3 ± 0.8

Carboxyl

macrophage cells

10,50

internalization

Induction of autophagy

Inhibition of inflammation and immune supression

[159]

SPIONs

60–80

bare

Raw264.7 cells

BMDMs

10,20,50,100

endocytosis

Induction of autophagy

autophagosomes accumulation,

LC3 ↑, ATG5 ↑

Inflammatory responses

[160]

GO

MGO:1089.9 ± 135.3

SGO: 390.2 ± 51.4

NGO:65.5 ± 16.3

GQDs:5

bare

HUVECs

1,5,10,25

internalization

induction of autophagy,

LC3 ↑ p62 ↓

Apoptosis, Apoptotic cell death, ER stress

[161]

127 ± 4.7

PEG.

MCF7 cells MDA-MB-231 cells

4

–

inhibition of autophagy,

LC3 ↓

apoptosis, suppressed Stathmin1 protein, decreases the microtubule instability, cancer cell death

[162]