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Table 3 Possible therapies of NM-mediated autophagy

From: Nanomaterial-mediated autophagy: coexisting hazard and health benefits in biomedicine

NPs

Size (nm)

Combined agent

Disease type

Target cells

Dose (ug/mL)

Animal models

Exposure method and time

Administration dose(mg/kg)

Autophagy alteration

Treatment effect

References

UCNPs

bare

Atherosclerosis

foam cells

8

induction of autophagy LC3 ↑, beclin 1 ↑, P62 ↓

ROS, enhanced the cholesterol efflux

[38]

SPIO NPs

207 ± 3

bare

Lung cancer

A549 cells

1.75 mg/ml

Female Balb/c mice (4–6 weeks old)

intraperitoneal injection for 30 days

225 μg magnetite equivalent

induction of autophagy

in vitro: elevated ROS level, membrane damage, apoptosis

in vivo: induced magnetic

hyperthermia and antitumor

[96]

MWCNTs

10 ~ 20

bare

neurovascular disorders

Wistar rats

intraperitoneal injection for 14 days

2.5

induction of autophagy LC3 ↑, Beclin 1 ↑, P62↓

impaire the congnitive ability of rats

[116]

Acid NPs

102 ± 19

PEG

Liver Cancer

HepG2 cells

50

C57BL/6 J mice (6 weeks old)

intravenous injection for 14 days

10

induction of autophagy

LC3 ↑

in vitro: apoptosis, autophagic cell death

in vivo: tumor growth inhibition

[168]

SeNPs

~ 240

curcumin

Ehrlich s ascites carcinoma

HCT116 cells

1,2,5,10,20

Female Swiss albino mice

  

decrease autophagy

LC3 ↓, Beclin 1 ↓

In vitro: ROS production, MMP reduction

in vivo: inhibition of tumor growth

[170]

Fe3O4NPs

51.34 ± 14.71

bare

Lung cancer

A549 cells

100

induction of autophagy

LC3 ↑

ROS, mitochondrial damage necrosis, autophagic cell death

[200]

Fe3O4 NPs

162.6 ± 15.6

Chitosan

Stomach cancer

SGC7901, SGC7901/ADR cells

10

nude mice (5–6 weeks old)

intravenous injection for 28 days

5

induction of autophagy

LC3 ↑

in vitro: mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive ROS, DNA damage, cell death in vivo: tumor growth inhibition

[201]

ZnO NPs

50

bare

oral cancer

CAL 27 cells

25

induction of autophagy LC3 ↑, Beclin 1 ↑, P62↓

ROS, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death

[202]

Ag NPs

26.5 ± 8.4

bare

melanoma

HeLa cells

2,5,10,15,20

Male C57BL/ 6 mice (6–8 weeks old)

subcutaneous injection for 4 days

1.5

induction of autophagy

autophagosome accumulation

in vitro: inhibition of apoptosis

in vivo: promote tumor growth

[203]

CuS NPs

bare

Prostate Cancer

RWPE-1 cells

80,120,160

nude male mice (4–8 weeks old)

intraperitoneal injection for 3 weeks

120(μg/ml)

Autophagy blockage

LC3 ↑

In vitro: autophagosome accumulation

In vivo: inhibit prostate tumor growth with NIR-light

[204]

Lactoferrin nanostructures

137.0 ± 33.65

bare

AD

PC12 cells

10uM

Wistar rats

intraperitoneal injection for 7 days

5

induction of autophagy

Atgs ↑, LC3 ↑

in vitro: apoptosis inhibition, neuroprotective effect in vivo: improved spatial memory and learning

[205]

C60 fullerene

PEG

AD

Neuro-2A cells

10uM

induction of autophagy

LC3 ↑

apoptosis inhibition, cell survival, neuroprotective effect

[206]

CuS NPs

11 ± 2.6

bare

Atherosclerosis

VSMCs

0.4

male mice

(6–8 weeks old)

intragastric administration for 12 weeks

10

induction of autophagy

LC3 ↑

in vitro: reduced VSMC foam cell formation, enhanced cholesterol efflux in vivo: inhibition of VSMC foam cell formation and attenuation of atherosclerotic lesion in mice

[207]

Fum-PD NPs

252

bare

Arthritis

SEVC4

20 nM

male C57BL/6 mice

(6–8 weeks old)

intravenous injection for 9 days

0.3

induction of autophagy LC3 ↑, LAMP-1 ↑, p62↓

in vitro: enhanced NO production, inhibited inflammation in vivo: inflammatory response and inflammatory

[208]