Fig. 5

MoM fibroblast recruit and promote monocytes differentiation. a Immuno-histochemical staining of macrophage infiltration in synovial tissue from a MoM patient (magnification × 100). b Migrated monocytes in harvested medium from primary and MoM fibroblasts. c Chemokines detected using Human Chemokine Array. d Signal intensity of measurable chemokines of from (c) showing mean ± SEM. e Quantification of MCP-1 secreted in the cell culture medium, showing mean + SEM. Data was from 3 independent experiments using fibroblasts from all primary and MoM patients; unpaired Student’s t-test; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. f Images indicated that co-culture with synovial fibroblast promoted monocyte differentiation into adherent macrophages. Scale bar = 10 μm. g The increase in monocyte differentiation was quantified by counting the floating cells. Data shown as mean + SEM; n = 3; unpaired Student’s t-test; *p < 0.05, **^/##p < 0.01