From: Controlled human exposures to wood smoke: a synthesis of the evidence
Ghio et al [16] | Burbank et al [17] | Rebuli et al [18] | Sehlstedt et al [20] | Ferguson et al [22] | Barregard et al [25] | Stockfelt et al [29] | Riddervold et al [31] | Muala et al [35] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure | |||||||||
Major PM class | OC | OC | OC | OV/Soot | OC/Soot | OC/Soot | OC/Soot | Soot/Ash | Soot/Ash |
Exposure time | 2 h | 2 h | 2 h | 3 h | 1.5 h | 4 h | 3 h | 3 h | 3 h |
Exercise (y/n) | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | no | no | yes |
PM2.5 conc. (μg/m3) | 485 | 500 | 488 | 224 | low – 253.9 high – 506.2 | 243–279 | SUP – 221 BOP – 148 | low – 220.5 high – 354.3 | 314 |
Biomarkers | |||||||||
FeNO | |||||||||
FeNO50 | ns | ns | ↑ at 24 h (BOP) | ns | ns | ||||
FeNO270 | ns | ↑ at 7 h | ↑ at 24 h, 48 h (SUP) ↑ at 8 h, 24 h, 48 h (BOP) | ns | |||||
Alveolar NO | ↑ at 7 h | ||||||||
EBC pH | ↓ 1.5 h (high) | ↑ at 6 h | |||||||
BAL cell count | |||||||||
Neutrophil | ↑ at 20 h | ns | ns | ||||||
Lymphocyte | ns | ↓ at 24 h | |||||||
BAL cytokines | |||||||||
IL-6 | ns | ns | |||||||
MMP-9 | ns | ns | |||||||
MPO | ns | ns | |||||||
BW cell counts | |||||||||
Neutrophil | ↑ at 20 h | ns | ↓ at 24 h | ||||||
BW cytokines | |||||||||
IL-6 | ns | ns | |||||||
MMP-9 | ns | ↓ at 24 h | |||||||
MPO | ns | ↓ at 24 h | |||||||
sICAM1 | ↓ at 24 h | ||||||||
LDH | ↓ at 24 h | ||||||||
Bronchoscopy biopsy cell counts | |||||||||
Submucosal | CD3+ lymphocytes at ↑ 24 h Mast Cells at ↑ 24 h | ||||||||
Epithelial | CD3+ lymphocytes at ↑ 24 h CD8+ lymphocytes at ↑ 24 h | ||||||||
NAL cytokines | |||||||||
IP-10 | ↓ at 48 h | ||||||||
IL-6 | ↓ at 48 h | ns | |||||||
NAL gene expression | Sex-specific Changes | ||||||||
Sputum %PMNs | ↑ at 24 h |