Controlled human exposures to wood smoke: a synthesis of the evidence

Table 3 Effects of WS exposure on circulating cells and proteins. The table displays the significant effects of WS exposure per publication or effects that were reported in multiple publications (biomarkers only reported in one publication with non-significant results not included). A blank space indicates that the endpoint was not included in that study, ns indicates no significant effect observed, while arrows indicate significant increase (↑) or decrease (↓) due to WS exposure. All time points are taken with 0 h = start of controlled exposure. Abbreviations are denoted in the list of abbreviations in main text

	Ghio et al [16]	Ferguson et al [22]	Barregard et al [25, 26]	Stockfelt et al [29, 30]	Forchhammer et al [32] Bønløkke et al [33]	Muala et al [35]	Hunter et al [36]
Exposure
Major PM class	OC	OC/Soot	OC/Soot	OC/Soot	Soot/Ash	Soot/Ash	Soot/Ash
Exposure time	2 h	1.5 h	4 h	3 h	3 h	3 h	1 h
Exercise (y/n)	yes	yes	yes	no	no	yes	yes
PM_2.5 conc. (μg/m³)	485	224	243–279	SUP- 221 BOP – 148	low – 220.5 high – 354.38	314	1115
Biomarkers
Serum haemoglobin	ns		ns [25]
Serum haematocrit	ns		ns [25]
Serum cell counts
Platelets	ns		ns [25]	↓ at 7 h (BOP), 24 h (SUP/BOP) [30]			ns
Neutrophils	↑ at 20 h						ns
Lymphocytes						various subsets ↑ at 27 h	ns
Leukocytes	ns		ns [25]	ns [30]			ns
RBC	ns		ns [25]
Serum proteins
CRP			ns [25] [26]	↓ at 7 h (SUP) [30]
SP-A				ns [29]	ns [33]
SP-D		ns		↓ at 7 h (BOP) [29]	ns [33]
SAA			↑ at 4 h, 7 h, and 24 h [25] ns [26]	ns [30]
Fibrogen			ns [26]	↓ at 7 h (BOP), 24 h (SUP/BOP) [30]
Factor VII			ns [25]	↑ at 7 h, 48 h (BOP) [30]
vWf	ns		ns [25]	ns [30]	ns [33]
Serum D-dimers	ns		ns [25]	↓ at 48 h (SUP) [30]
Serum soluble adhesion molecules
sP-selectin				ns [30]	ns [33]
sVCAM-1				↓ at 7 h (SUP/BOP) [30]
sICAM-1				↑ at 44 h (BOP) [30]	ICAM-1 ns [32]	ns
Serum cytokines
IL-6	ns		↓ at 7 h [25]	ns [30]	↓ at 9 h [33]	ns
TNF- α	ns		ns [25]		ns [33]	ns
IL-1β	↑ at 20 h				↑ at 3 h [33]
Serum COHb	ns						↑ at 3 h
Serum CC16			↑ at 24 h [26]	↑ at 7 h (SUP) [29]	ns [33]	ns
Urine CC16			ns [26]	↑ at 7 h (SUP) [29]	ns [33]

ISSN: 1743-8977