Fig. 4

Identification of rhodamine-labeled nanopolystyrene bead translocation based on increased fluorescence through the a distal uterine effluent and b umbilical vein effluent over time. n = 9–24. c Time-course of fluid flow through the umbilical vein between saline (black) and nanopolystyrene (red) infused placenta. n = 6–8. Values are shown as mean ± SEM and presented as percent above baseline. Statistics were analyzed with Student’s t-test (*p ≤ 0.05; T ≤ 0.10)