Ref | Sample size | Exposure | Detection technique | Main findings | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Particle | Route | Dose | Quantitative | Qualitative | |||
[1] | 20 | BC particles | Real-life exposure | 0.6–2.4 μg/m3 a | Two-photon fs pulsed laser microscopy | TEM | Ambient BC particles found in all screened placentas and positively associated with the mother’s residential BC exposure during pregnancy. |
[93] | 100 | Metallic NPs | Real-life exposure | n.d. | ICP-OES | SEM/EDX | High prevalence of essential trace elements Cu, Fe, and Zn in the nano/ion fraction observed in amniotic fluid of pregnant women. In contrast, low concentrations and low prevalence of other elements. No conclusions on transplacental NP transfer. |